HEALTH SYSTEMS STUDY QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2025/2026 GRADED A+
What healthcare employees are responsible for maintaining security and privacy of
PHI? - all of em
Health Information Technology - the use of various forms of technology to improve the
quality of health services to individuals and communities
The exchange of health information in an electronic environment
needed To improve the quality of healthcare, reduce health care costs, and prevent
medical errors
who governs HIT - Department of Health and Human Services
EMR (electronic medical record) - Computerized legal medical record, health
information for an individual that is created, gathered, managed, and consulted by
authorized clinicians and staff within ONE health care organization. Barriers: cost,
workflow impact, provider resistance, divided market
PHR (personal health record) - Collection of information about one's health, controlled
by the individual patient, allows patients to better track their health and communicate
with their providers, managed and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff involved
in the patient's care. Barriers: less than 10% of population have used a PHR, population
that would benefit most is the least technologically advanced, presentation of
information, accuracy of information. Create patient portals.
EHR (electronic health record) - - Longitudinal electronic medical record of a patient's
health information that is created and gathered across MORE THAN ONE health care
organization, Stores information over multiple encounters, managed and consulted by
authorized clinicians and staff involved in the patient's care
"informatics" - The connection between information, technology and people
how Pharmacy Informatics is expanding in practice and academia - Rich history already
exists with the use of electronic information systems, technology, and automation in
pharmacy. Many advances are due to recent developments in federal regulations
(ARRA - American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; HITECH - Health
Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act). The Accreditation
Council for pharmacy education (ACPE) has included reference for education in
informatics since 2007, ACPE 2016 standards include health informatics as a required
element in the Doctor of Pharmacy curriculum
Health Information Exchange and its use - The secure, electronic exchange of health
information using nationally recognized standards. The Health Information Exchange
, can contribute to decreased readmission rates, decreased medication errors, and
decreased duplicate testing. It can be used for medication orders, labs, or other
services, lab or radiology results, referral to specialists, emergency department visits,
hospital discharges, public health reporting, and primary care office visits.
earliest known compilation of prescription formulas in existence - 1500 BC Papyrus
Ebers (collection of over 800 Rx, connection between supernatural and empirical
healing)
separation of medicine and pharmacy first took place in which geographical area? In
which century did this take place? - Arabian Peninsula during the 8th century
(separation due to expanding drug choices and new complex models of drug delivery)
Edict of Frederick II resulted in what major milestone in pharmacy history - Forbade any
business relation between physicians and pharmacists and required use of a prescribed
formulary to guarantee uniformity and reliability
How did colleges of pharmacy during the early 1800's differ from colleges of pharmacy
today? - - Early 1800s- apprenticeships with an established pharmacist (no specific
length of time); it was up to the preceptor what preliminary education was needed
- Early to Mid-1800s- "Colleges of Pharmacy" established (Philadelphia in 1821 was the
first)- these were more associations of pharmacists and they'd teach each other's
apprentices. You could buy a ticket to lectures in materia medica, chemistry, physics-
physician taught) To graduate form the Philly COP you had to be over 21, have
attended 2 courses of each lecture, and serve > 4 years as an apprentice
Why is Albert Prescott known in pharmacy history? (i.e. What change in pharmacy
education did he pioneer?) - • Albert Prescott established a university of Michigan's in
1868---apprenticeship is not required for graduation- he said pharmacy training should
be schooling not an apprenticeship
• Established UofM's curriculum: 2 years with extensive lab work, systematic approach
to basic science and Ph.C. (Pharmaceutical Chemist) degree awarded
Per the APhA Code of Ethics, during which timeframe were pharmacists not permitted
to discuss medications with patients? - 1952-1969
During which decade did clinical pharmacy begin to grow in the United States? What
was happening during this decade to encourage this growth? - • 1960s clinical
pharmacy begin to grow in the united states
• Hospital pharmacy was becoming a distinct profession
• Period of rapid diagnostic and pharmacologic advancement—medical school cut back
on pharmacology since physicians could not keep up with new diagnostics AND new
medication
2025/2026 GRADED A+
What healthcare employees are responsible for maintaining security and privacy of
PHI? - all of em
Health Information Technology - the use of various forms of technology to improve the
quality of health services to individuals and communities
The exchange of health information in an electronic environment
needed To improve the quality of healthcare, reduce health care costs, and prevent
medical errors
who governs HIT - Department of Health and Human Services
EMR (electronic medical record) - Computerized legal medical record, health
information for an individual that is created, gathered, managed, and consulted by
authorized clinicians and staff within ONE health care organization. Barriers: cost,
workflow impact, provider resistance, divided market
PHR (personal health record) - Collection of information about one's health, controlled
by the individual patient, allows patients to better track their health and communicate
with their providers, managed and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff involved
in the patient's care. Barriers: less than 10% of population have used a PHR, population
that would benefit most is the least technologically advanced, presentation of
information, accuracy of information. Create patient portals.
EHR (electronic health record) - - Longitudinal electronic medical record of a patient's
health information that is created and gathered across MORE THAN ONE health care
organization, Stores information over multiple encounters, managed and consulted by
authorized clinicians and staff involved in the patient's care
"informatics" - The connection between information, technology and people
how Pharmacy Informatics is expanding in practice and academia - Rich history already
exists with the use of electronic information systems, technology, and automation in
pharmacy. Many advances are due to recent developments in federal regulations
(ARRA - American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; HITECH - Health
Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act). The Accreditation
Council for pharmacy education (ACPE) has included reference for education in
informatics since 2007, ACPE 2016 standards include health informatics as a required
element in the Doctor of Pharmacy curriculum
Health Information Exchange and its use - The secure, electronic exchange of health
information using nationally recognized standards. The Health Information Exchange
, can contribute to decreased readmission rates, decreased medication errors, and
decreased duplicate testing. It can be used for medication orders, labs, or other
services, lab or radiology results, referral to specialists, emergency department visits,
hospital discharges, public health reporting, and primary care office visits.
earliest known compilation of prescription formulas in existence - 1500 BC Papyrus
Ebers (collection of over 800 Rx, connection between supernatural and empirical
healing)
separation of medicine and pharmacy first took place in which geographical area? In
which century did this take place? - Arabian Peninsula during the 8th century
(separation due to expanding drug choices and new complex models of drug delivery)
Edict of Frederick II resulted in what major milestone in pharmacy history - Forbade any
business relation between physicians and pharmacists and required use of a prescribed
formulary to guarantee uniformity and reliability
How did colleges of pharmacy during the early 1800's differ from colleges of pharmacy
today? - - Early 1800s- apprenticeships with an established pharmacist (no specific
length of time); it was up to the preceptor what preliminary education was needed
- Early to Mid-1800s- "Colleges of Pharmacy" established (Philadelphia in 1821 was the
first)- these were more associations of pharmacists and they'd teach each other's
apprentices. You could buy a ticket to lectures in materia medica, chemistry, physics-
physician taught) To graduate form the Philly COP you had to be over 21, have
attended 2 courses of each lecture, and serve > 4 years as an apprentice
Why is Albert Prescott known in pharmacy history? (i.e. What change in pharmacy
education did he pioneer?) - • Albert Prescott established a university of Michigan's in
1868---apprenticeship is not required for graduation- he said pharmacy training should
be schooling not an apprenticeship
• Established UofM's curriculum: 2 years with extensive lab work, systematic approach
to basic science and Ph.C. (Pharmaceutical Chemist) degree awarded
Per the APhA Code of Ethics, during which timeframe were pharmacists not permitted
to discuss medications with patients? - 1952-1969
During which decade did clinical pharmacy begin to grow in the United States? What
was happening during this decade to encourage this growth? - • 1960s clinical
pharmacy begin to grow in the united states
• Hospital pharmacy was becoming a distinct profession
• Period of rapid diagnostic and pharmacologic advancement—medical school cut back
on pharmacology since physicians could not keep up with new diagnostics AND new
medication
