ACING HLTH 501 FINAL EXAM WITH THE LATEST A+ UPDATE IN
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FORMAT.
Past of reproduction
Desire to have children
Social status of parents
Women's role in reproduction
Present of reproduction
Individual choice and autonomy
Impact of capitalism on assisted reproduction
- Women's age at birth
-Market relations in reproductive technologies
-Consumerism
-Medical research in infertility
Average age at first birth (2017-2021)
2017: 30.9
2018: 31
2019: 31.2
2020: 31.3
2021: 31.4
Total fertility rate
2019 - 1.47 children per woman
2020 - 1.40 children per woman
Went up in 2021-2022 (during COVID)
Procreative liberty Argument
-Reproductive decisions are a matter of personal autonomy
-Inappropriate for others to make moral judgements about reproductive choices made
by others/for state to interfere w choices. Any moral concerns must be justified based
on harm principle
-You cannot harm a child because the child would not exist (worse to not exist than to
exist w defect)
, Harm Principle
should only interfere w choices if persons choices are harmful to others
Negative liberty
right to make choices free from the interference of others in matters that concern only
themselves
Procreative liberty Argument critiques
-Conceptualization of harm is problematic - question to harm children should be
fundamental
- Marketplace ideology: liberty of buying and selling (surrogates/eggs)
-Autonomy is only moral principle: beneficence & non-malfeasance are ignored
-Responsible parenthood: Are you fit to raise a child?
Bioethics of Assisted Reproduction
1. risk of physical harm
2. severing of genetic and social connection
3. commodification
4. objectification
5. secrecy
6. anonymity
risk of physical harm
Immediate harm
-Health risks associated w pregnancy and birth, fertility treatments
Emotional harm
-Quest for child
-Emotional coping w unsuccessful treatment
Stigma of infertility
-Pressure to have a child
Utilitarian: risk of physical harm assisted reproduction
violate non-malfeasance. If woman and child suffer health problems as a result to
technologies, clearly harmful to them. If society has to cover their health care costs,
resources could be used elsewhere
Kantian: risk of physical harm assisted reproduction
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FORMAT.
Past of reproduction
Desire to have children
Social status of parents
Women's role in reproduction
Present of reproduction
Individual choice and autonomy
Impact of capitalism on assisted reproduction
- Women's age at birth
-Market relations in reproductive technologies
-Consumerism
-Medical research in infertility
Average age at first birth (2017-2021)
2017: 30.9
2018: 31
2019: 31.2
2020: 31.3
2021: 31.4
Total fertility rate
2019 - 1.47 children per woman
2020 - 1.40 children per woman
Went up in 2021-2022 (during COVID)
Procreative liberty Argument
-Reproductive decisions are a matter of personal autonomy
-Inappropriate for others to make moral judgements about reproductive choices made
by others/for state to interfere w choices. Any moral concerns must be justified based
on harm principle
-You cannot harm a child because the child would not exist (worse to not exist than to
exist w defect)
, Harm Principle
should only interfere w choices if persons choices are harmful to others
Negative liberty
right to make choices free from the interference of others in matters that concern only
themselves
Procreative liberty Argument critiques
-Conceptualization of harm is problematic - question to harm children should be
fundamental
- Marketplace ideology: liberty of buying and selling (surrogates/eggs)
-Autonomy is only moral principle: beneficence & non-malfeasance are ignored
-Responsible parenthood: Are you fit to raise a child?
Bioethics of Assisted Reproduction
1. risk of physical harm
2. severing of genetic and social connection
3. commodification
4. objectification
5. secrecy
6. anonymity
risk of physical harm
Immediate harm
-Health risks associated w pregnancy and birth, fertility treatments
Emotional harm
-Quest for child
-Emotional coping w unsuccessful treatment
Stigma of infertility
-Pressure to have a child
Utilitarian: risk of physical harm assisted reproduction
violate non-malfeasance. If woman and child suffer health problems as a result to
technologies, clearly harmful to them. If society has to cover their health care costs,
resources could be used elsewhere
Kantian: risk of physical harm assisted reproduction
