NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_96n0kr
1. Acute renal failure: Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates
that kidneys are functioning well
2. Acute Pyelonephritis: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult;
can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
3. Renal Calculi (Renal Stones): Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
4. Chronic Renal Failure: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of
renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic
kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
5. Who is a candidate for dialysis?: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final
stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
6. Stage I CKD: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
7. Stage II CKD: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
1/9
, NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_96n0kr
8. Stage III CKD: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
9. Stage IV CKD: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
10. Stage V CKD: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well
as dialysis or kidney transplant
11. Complications of Decreased GFR: Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
12. GERD: Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
13. Hiatal Hernia: Often asymptomatic
Generally, a wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are associated with
other GI disorders, primarily GERD
--Sliding hiatal hernia: treatment usually conservative. Individuals can diminish reflux
by eating small, frequent meals and avoiding the recumbent position after eating.
Abdominal supports and tight clothing are avoided and weight control recommended
for obese individuals.
14. Duodenal Ulcer: Characteristic manifestation = chronic intermittent pain in epi-
gastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is empty
2/9
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_96n0kr
1. Acute renal failure: Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates
that kidneys are functioning well
2. Acute Pyelonephritis: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult;
can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
3. Renal Calculi (Renal Stones): Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
4. Chronic Renal Failure: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of
renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic
kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
5. Who is a candidate for dialysis?: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final
stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
6. Stage I CKD: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
7. Stage II CKD: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
1/9
, NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_96n0kr
8. Stage III CKD: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
9. Stage IV CKD: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
10. Stage V CKD: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well
as dialysis or kidney transplant
11. Complications of Decreased GFR: Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
12. GERD: Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
13. Hiatal Hernia: Often asymptomatic
Generally, a wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are associated with
other GI disorders, primarily GERD
--Sliding hiatal hernia: treatment usually conservative. Individuals can diminish reflux
by eating small, frequent meals and avoiding the recumbent position after eating.
Abdominal supports and tight clothing are avoided and weight control recommended
for obese individuals.
14. Duodenal Ulcer: Characteristic manifestation = chronic intermittent pain in epi-
gastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is empty
2/9
