ACING HLTH 501 PART 2 EXAM WITH THE LATEST A+ UPDATE IN
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FORMAT.
History of reproduction
- Having children was a priority, considered part of the human experience
- Perceived as a gift from god
- Lack of birth control techniques meant you have kids whether or not you want them
- Lack of ability = stigmatizing
Why was the failure to have kids seen as the woman's fault?
Stigma + Lack of understanding on how women get pregnant
Present-day views of reproduction
- Women's first-birth age has increased (aka more delayed/later)
- New reproductive technologies and research in fertility
- Consumerism of sperm, eggs, and surrogacy
Differences in first-birth age across Canada
Most of Canada: delayed first-births (BC/Ontario have the highest)
EXCEPT NUNAVUT
Nunavut has the youngest first-birth age, SIGNIFICANTLY younger than the rest of
Canada
What is Canada's total fertility rate trend?
Decline over time!
(slight increase 2021/2022 due to covid times)
Motive behind rise in reproductive technology
"Chief Moral Impetus"
Relieve suffering caused by involuntary infertility; helps restore personal control over
reproduction
What is IVF (in-vitro fertilization)
,Ova is extracted and fertilized outside of the body, resulting embryo transferred back to
body
Cytoplasmic Donation (IVF related technologies)
Cytoplasm of donor egg injected to egg of infertile woman
ICSI: intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF related technologies)
single sperm injected in woman undergoing IVF (for male infertility)
PZD (Partial Zona Dissection) (IVF related technologies)
drilling holes in membrane of ovum to improve sperm penetration
GIFT (GAMETE intrafallopian transfer) (IVF related technologies)
inserting ova and sperm in the fallopian tubes
ZIFT (ZYGOTE intrafallopian transfer) (IVF related technologies)
inserting zygote in the fallopian tubes
IVC (Intravaginal culture) (IVF related technologies)
Ova and sperm placed in a tube, then inserted in vagina for two days next to the cervix,
then removed two days later. After that, fertilized ova are inserted in the uterus
(ULER) Uterine lavage embryo retrieval (IVF related technologies)
Insemination in one woman, then fertilized egg is washed out and inserted in another
woman (drawback, could implant before washed out)
Artificial Insemination
Assisted reproductive practice performed w/ donor gametes
Social mother/father
Mother (or father) who raises the baby
Gestational mother
Woman who carries baby to term through pregnancy (eg. surrogacy)
Genetic mother/father
Parent who contributes their genetics (their egg)
Ethical concerns around reproductive technologies
1) Sometimes people have kids for morally problematic reasons
2) What is the goal and purpose of a "cure" for infertility? Are we trying to allow for
natural conception? Provide everyone a child? Allow everyone to pursue their own
, reproductive goals?
3) May be morally okay in one society but problematic in another (eg. illegal to sell
eggs/sperm in Canada, but there is a market for it in the US)
Ethical debate around reproductive technologies
If naturally conceiving children can solve most goals, why invest in reproductive
technologies over preventing infertility
Most provinces do not cover IVF treatments, and fertility clinics (even in Canada) are
private and for-profit despite Canada banning purchase of gametes, embryos, and
surrogacy
Issues with solving infertility and the desire to have children
The goals for people who want to have children can vary, and certain reproductive
technologies can achieve certain goals and not others which can complicate things
(eg. someone who wants to raise a child vs someone who wants their genetic child vs
have a child with someone specific?)
Debate around considering infertility as a medical condition
This means there is a problem to fix, but we do not know if the goal is to fix what makes
gestational difficult or ensure infertile people end up with a child?
Callahan: infertility procedures distract focus from researching treatments of infertility
Debates around social dimensions of infertility
Approaches to reproductive technologies vary from country to country.
Some countries are very accepting of all reproductive practices.
Some are against third party donors, because they believe in blood ties or that having
the child should be between the husband and wife.
Some countries allow for the commercialization of it.
Questions around the legal father? We usually consider genetic father to have moral
and legal responsibility, but this is not the case for sperm donors.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FORMAT.
History of reproduction
- Having children was a priority, considered part of the human experience
- Perceived as a gift from god
- Lack of birth control techniques meant you have kids whether or not you want them
- Lack of ability = stigmatizing
Why was the failure to have kids seen as the woman's fault?
Stigma + Lack of understanding on how women get pregnant
Present-day views of reproduction
- Women's first-birth age has increased (aka more delayed/later)
- New reproductive technologies and research in fertility
- Consumerism of sperm, eggs, and surrogacy
Differences in first-birth age across Canada
Most of Canada: delayed first-births (BC/Ontario have the highest)
EXCEPT NUNAVUT
Nunavut has the youngest first-birth age, SIGNIFICANTLY younger than the rest of
Canada
What is Canada's total fertility rate trend?
Decline over time!
(slight increase 2021/2022 due to covid times)
Motive behind rise in reproductive technology
"Chief Moral Impetus"
Relieve suffering caused by involuntary infertility; helps restore personal control over
reproduction
What is IVF (in-vitro fertilization)
,Ova is extracted and fertilized outside of the body, resulting embryo transferred back to
body
Cytoplasmic Donation (IVF related technologies)
Cytoplasm of donor egg injected to egg of infertile woman
ICSI: intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF related technologies)
single sperm injected in woman undergoing IVF (for male infertility)
PZD (Partial Zona Dissection) (IVF related technologies)
drilling holes in membrane of ovum to improve sperm penetration
GIFT (GAMETE intrafallopian transfer) (IVF related technologies)
inserting ova and sperm in the fallopian tubes
ZIFT (ZYGOTE intrafallopian transfer) (IVF related technologies)
inserting zygote in the fallopian tubes
IVC (Intravaginal culture) (IVF related technologies)
Ova and sperm placed in a tube, then inserted in vagina for two days next to the cervix,
then removed two days later. After that, fertilized ova are inserted in the uterus
(ULER) Uterine lavage embryo retrieval (IVF related technologies)
Insemination in one woman, then fertilized egg is washed out and inserted in another
woman (drawback, could implant before washed out)
Artificial Insemination
Assisted reproductive practice performed w/ donor gametes
Social mother/father
Mother (or father) who raises the baby
Gestational mother
Woman who carries baby to term through pregnancy (eg. surrogacy)
Genetic mother/father
Parent who contributes their genetics (their egg)
Ethical concerns around reproductive technologies
1) Sometimes people have kids for morally problematic reasons
2) What is the goal and purpose of a "cure" for infertility? Are we trying to allow for
natural conception? Provide everyone a child? Allow everyone to pursue their own
, reproductive goals?
3) May be morally okay in one society but problematic in another (eg. illegal to sell
eggs/sperm in Canada, but there is a market for it in the US)
Ethical debate around reproductive technologies
If naturally conceiving children can solve most goals, why invest in reproductive
technologies over preventing infertility
Most provinces do not cover IVF treatments, and fertility clinics (even in Canada) are
private and for-profit despite Canada banning purchase of gametes, embryos, and
surrogacy
Issues with solving infertility and the desire to have children
The goals for people who want to have children can vary, and certain reproductive
technologies can achieve certain goals and not others which can complicate things
(eg. someone who wants to raise a child vs someone who wants their genetic child vs
have a child with someone specific?)
Debate around considering infertility as a medical condition
This means there is a problem to fix, but we do not know if the goal is to fix what makes
gestational difficult or ensure infertile people end up with a child?
Callahan: infertility procedures distract focus from researching treatments of infertility
Debates around social dimensions of infertility
Approaches to reproductive technologies vary from country to country.
Some countries are very accepting of all reproductive practices.
Some are against third party donors, because they believe in blood ties or that having
the child should be between the husband and wife.
Some countries allow for the commercialization of it.
Questions around the legal father? We usually consider genetic father to have moral
and legal responsibility, but this is not the case for sperm donors.
