ADVANCED MNSS 1 MIDTERM EXAM: A+ GRADED GUIDE WITH
THE LATEST KEY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
Endoplasmic reticulum
protein folding occurs
Lysosomes
needed for digesting and defense
mitochondria
ATP cellular respiration
Nucleolus
Where RNA transcription occurs
Nucleus
contains DNA
peroxisomes
detoxifies fatty acids
Ribosomes
transport proteins and begin protein synthesis
What is the result of glycolysis
2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvate
Oxidative phosphorylation
The production of ATP using energy in the presence of oxygen to convert pyruvate to
acetyll co-A
anaerobic glycolysis
pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
where is most ATP synthesized?
in the mitochondria
what part of the cell communicates with other cells to promote migration?
the plasma membrane
Paracrine membrane contact
release of chemicals to cells close by
autocrine membrane contact
cells signal themselves
,hormonal membrane communication
hormones act as chemical signals
neurohormonal membrane communication
neurons release neurotransmitters that travel in the blood vs a synapse
what are examples of hormonal processes mediated by cAMP
epinephrine
ACTH
glucagon
ADH
thrombin
secondary messengers
involved in cell signaling
- ligand binds to a receptor, signals cAMP or ca++
hypoxic injury
results from lack of O2, leads to DNA damage
what do reactive oxygen species result in
increased cell damage and deah
what is tonicity
the osmotic force exerted by molecules like sodium and albumin
isotonic fluid deficit S/s and labs
dehydration
isotonic fluid excess s/s and labs
hypervolemia, low H&H, hyponatremia, edema, pulmonary edema, HTN
Na+ lab value
135-145 mEq/L
K+ lab value
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Ca+ lab value
8.5-10.5 mg/dL
Mg+ lab value
1.5-3 mg/dL
, what electrolytes are effected by kidney failure?
increased serum and potassium, magnesium, and phosphare
What does aldosterone promote
sodium retention and potassium excretion
- leads to fluid retention
what does ADH promote?
water reabsorption in the collecting duct
what is the difference between DI and SIADH?
DI: low ADH
- polyuria
- hypernatremia
- dehydrtion
SIADH: excess ADH,
- oliguria
-low urine output
-hyponatremia
what electrolytes to diuretics effect
sodium, potassium, and magnesium
describe potassium's effect on the heart
hypokalemia delays repolarization leading to AV block and decreased skeletal muscle
movement, potential respiratory arrest
hyperkalemia- shortened repolarization- fibrillation, muscle weakness, possible
paralysis
which electrolyte can be used to treat hyperkalemia and why?
calcium- it stabilizes membrane potential
describe the effect of PTH on calcium
PTH pulls calcium from bone to increase amount in plasma
describe the effect vitamin D has on calcium
VD increases calcium absorption in the intestines
describe the effect magnesium has on calcium
THE LATEST KEY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
Endoplasmic reticulum
protein folding occurs
Lysosomes
needed for digesting and defense
mitochondria
ATP cellular respiration
Nucleolus
Where RNA transcription occurs
Nucleus
contains DNA
peroxisomes
detoxifies fatty acids
Ribosomes
transport proteins and begin protein synthesis
What is the result of glycolysis
2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvate
Oxidative phosphorylation
The production of ATP using energy in the presence of oxygen to convert pyruvate to
acetyll co-A
anaerobic glycolysis
pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
where is most ATP synthesized?
in the mitochondria
what part of the cell communicates with other cells to promote migration?
the plasma membrane
Paracrine membrane contact
release of chemicals to cells close by
autocrine membrane contact
cells signal themselves
,hormonal membrane communication
hormones act as chemical signals
neurohormonal membrane communication
neurons release neurotransmitters that travel in the blood vs a synapse
what are examples of hormonal processes mediated by cAMP
epinephrine
ACTH
glucagon
ADH
thrombin
secondary messengers
involved in cell signaling
- ligand binds to a receptor, signals cAMP or ca++
hypoxic injury
results from lack of O2, leads to DNA damage
what do reactive oxygen species result in
increased cell damage and deah
what is tonicity
the osmotic force exerted by molecules like sodium and albumin
isotonic fluid deficit S/s and labs
dehydration
isotonic fluid excess s/s and labs
hypervolemia, low H&H, hyponatremia, edema, pulmonary edema, HTN
Na+ lab value
135-145 mEq/L
K+ lab value
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Ca+ lab value
8.5-10.5 mg/dL
Mg+ lab value
1.5-3 mg/dL
, what electrolytes are effected by kidney failure?
increased serum and potassium, magnesium, and phosphare
What does aldosterone promote
sodium retention and potassium excretion
- leads to fluid retention
what does ADH promote?
water reabsorption in the collecting duct
what is the difference between DI and SIADH?
DI: low ADH
- polyuria
- hypernatremia
- dehydrtion
SIADH: excess ADH,
- oliguria
-low urine output
-hyponatremia
what electrolytes to diuretics effect
sodium, potassium, and magnesium
describe potassium's effect on the heart
hypokalemia delays repolarization leading to AV block and decreased skeletal muscle
movement, potential respiratory arrest
hyperkalemia- shortened repolarization- fibrillation, muscle weakness, possible
paralysis
which electrolyte can be used to treat hyperkalemia and why?
calcium- it stabilizes membrane potential
describe the effect of PTH on calcium
PTH pulls calcium from bone to increase amount in plasma
describe the effect vitamin D has on calcium
VD increases calcium absorption in the intestines
describe the effect magnesium has on calcium
