ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM EXAM: A+ GRADED GUIDE WITH
THE LATEST KEY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
What is the probable cause of cellular swelling in the early stages of cell injury?
Na-K pump fails to remove intracellular Na+
The mechanism for liver damage related to chronic alcoholism is:
Oxidative stress.
Free radicals cause damage by:
Giving up on electron, which cause injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane.
The loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to:
Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride.
During cellular injury, when the membrane becomes damaged, what is the
mechanism of cell injury?
Loss of permeability.
When a person experiences a myocardial infarction, how long before anaerobic
metabolism ceases?
3-4 minutes.
Left calf being smaller than right calf when a cast is removed is an example of:
Atrophy.
A young female becomes agitated and apprehensive, and she eventually loses
consciousness. At the hospital ER, the following lab values were obtained:
-Plasma Sodium 137
-Plasma Potassium 5.0
-pH 7.53
-Serum Co2 22
-Plasma Bicarb 24
What is her immediate diagnosis?
Respiratory alkalosis.
What would not shift blood toward pH alkalosis?
-Hydrogen ion secretion into urine
-Exhalation of carbon dioxide
,-All of the above would
-None of the above would
All of the above.
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for
prolonged period of time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness
and cramping, and constipated. He had diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck
veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps 20 but deep.
Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-What fluid imbalance does he have and why?
Isotonic fluid deficit. (Diarrhea x 3 weeks, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, weak
pulse and low BP on supine.
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for
prolonged period of time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness
and cramping, and constipated. He had diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck
veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps 20 but deep.
Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-What imbalance is indicated based on lab results? What clinical manifestations
are noted based on this imbalance?
Hypokalemia. (Muscle weakness and constipation).
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for
prolonged period of time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness
and cramping, and constipated. He had diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck
veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps 20 but deep.
Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-Hey may have had an acid-base imbalance. Which one? What part of the history
would support this imbalance?
Metabolic acidosis. History of diarrhea and muscle cramping.
, A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for
prolonged period of time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness
and cramping, and constipated. He had diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck
veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps 20 but deep.
Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-He was given IV isotonic NS with appropriate electrolytes in it. What was the
purpose of administering this particular fluid at the cellular level?
Isotonic sodium containing fluid will expand the extracellular fluid volume which will
correct the deficit.
True or false: Neutrophils are the predominate phagocyte of early inflammation.
True.
True or false: phagocytosis is the destruction of microorganisms and cellular
debris.
True.
True or false: Adaptive immunity can only be passive.
False.
What tissue type is involved in coagulative necrosis?
Kidney, heart, adrenal glands.
What tissue type is involved in liquefactive necrosis?
Brain.
What tissue type is involved with caseous necrosis?
Lungs (ex: TB).
What tissue type is involved in fatty necrosis?
Breasts, pancreas, abdomen.
True or false: The human neonate initially has poor production of IgG.
True.
Type 1 hypersensitivity
IgE mediated
Type 2 hypersensitivity
Tissue-specfic
THE LATEST KEY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
What is the probable cause of cellular swelling in the early stages of cell injury?
Na-K pump fails to remove intracellular Na+
The mechanism for liver damage related to chronic alcoholism is:
Oxidative stress.
Free radicals cause damage by:
Giving up on electron, which cause injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane.
The loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to:
Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride.
During cellular injury, when the membrane becomes damaged, what is the
mechanism of cell injury?
Loss of permeability.
When a person experiences a myocardial infarction, how long before anaerobic
metabolism ceases?
3-4 minutes.
Left calf being smaller than right calf when a cast is removed is an example of:
Atrophy.
A young female becomes agitated and apprehensive, and she eventually loses
consciousness. At the hospital ER, the following lab values were obtained:
-Plasma Sodium 137
-Plasma Potassium 5.0
-pH 7.53
-Serum Co2 22
-Plasma Bicarb 24
What is her immediate diagnosis?
Respiratory alkalosis.
What would not shift blood toward pH alkalosis?
-Hydrogen ion secretion into urine
-Exhalation of carbon dioxide
,-All of the above would
-None of the above would
All of the above.
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for
prolonged period of time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness
and cramping, and constipated. He had diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck
veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps 20 but deep.
Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-What fluid imbalance does he have and why?
Isotonic fluid deficit. (Diarrhea x 3 weeks, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, weak
pulse and low BP on supine.
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for
prolonged period of time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness
and cramping, and constipated. He had diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck
veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps 20 but deep.
Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-What imbalance is indicated based on lab results? What clinical manifestations
are noted based on this imbalance?
Hypokalemia. (Muscle weakness and constipation).
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for
prolonged period of time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness
and cramping, and constipated. He had diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck
veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps 20 but deep.
Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-Hey may have had an acid-base imbalance. Which one? What part of the history
would support this imbalance?
Metabolic acidosis. History of diarrhea and muscle cramping.
, A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for
prolonged period of time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness
and cramping, and constipated. He had diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck
veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps 20 but deep.
Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-He was given IV isotonic NS with appropriate electrolytes in it. What was the
purpose of administering this particular fluid at the cellular level?
Isotonic sodium containing fluid will expand the extracellular fluid volume which will
correct the deficit.
True or false: Neutrophils are the predominate phagocyte of early inflammation.
True.
True or false: phagocytosis is the destruction of microorganisms and cellular
debris.
True.
True or false: Adaptive immunity can only be passive.
False.
What tissue type is involved in coagulative necrosis?
Kidney, heart, adrenal glands.
What tissue type is involved in liquefactive necrosis?
Brain.
What tissue type is involved with caseous necrosis?
Lungs (ex: TB).
What tissue type is involved in fatty necrosis?
Breasts, pancreas, abdomen.
True or false: The human neonate initially has poor production of IgG.
True.
Type 1 hypersensitivity
IgE mediated
Type 2 hypersensitivity
Tissue-specfic
