NSG223 - EXAM 2 REVIEWED
QUESTIONS AND THEIR VERIFIED
CORRECT SOLUTIONS
Signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis
Headache, confusion, drowsiness, ⬆rr and depth,
nausea, and vomiting
peripheral vasodilation and ⬇cardiac output when ph<7
⬇bp, cold and clammy skin, dysrhythmias, and shock
chronic with ckd
What is the cardinal feature of metabolic acidosis?
A decrease in the serum bicarbonate level
Hyperventilation, with a resulting decrease in paco2,
is an expected compensatory reaction to which acid--
base disorder?
Metabolic acidosis
What is the most common blood-borne disease in the
united states, and is the leading cause of liver cancer
in many countries?
Hepatitis c
What could be considered the least dangerous of the
hepatitis infections, causes abdominal pain, jaundice,
nausea, and vomiting that can occasionally last for
months?
,Hepatitis a
Main prevention methods for hepatitis infections?
Strict adherence to infection control (standard precautions
and safe injection practices)
Pathophysiology of pe
Blood clot, thrombus, emboli (air, fat, amniotic fluid, septic
[bacterial]), or a-fib
What happens when a thrombus completely or
partially obstructs a pulmonary artery or its
branches?
Alveolar dead space is increased which leads to impaired
gas exchange
What results in an increase in pulmonary vascular
resistance—a reaction that compounds the v./q.
Imbalance?
Substances released from the clot and surrounding area
cause blood vessels and bronchioles to constrict
Clinical manifestations of pe
Depends on size of thrombus and area of pulmonary
artery occluded by the thrombus
dyspnea (most frequent symptom)
chest pain (sudden)
anxiety, fever, tachycardia, apprehension, cough,
diaphoresis, hemoptysis, and syncope
tachypnea (most frequent sign)
Obstruction of the pulmonary artery results in?
Dyspnea, sudden substernal pain, rapid and weak pulse,
shock, syncope, and sudden death.
Prevention of pe
, Active leg exercises to avoid venous stasis, early
ambulation, anti-embolism stockings, compression
devices, feet rest on floor/chair (dependent position, not
dangled). Avoid prolonged use of iv catheters and
crossing legs.
Treatment goal of pe
To dissolve (lyse) the existing emboli and prevent new
ones from forming
Treatment of pe
Improve respiratory and vascular status, anticoagulation
therapy, thrombolytic therapy, and surgical intervention
Emergency management of pe
Nasal oxygen, iv infusion lines, vasopressor therapy for
hypotension unrelieved by iv fluids, ecg for dysrhythmias,
blood draw (cbc, electrolytes, coagulation), foley catheter,
iv morphine/sedatives
Surgical management of pe
Embolectomy
inferior vena cava (ivc) filtration
Clinical manifestations of ards
- arterial hypoxemia that does not respond to
supplemental oxygen (hallmark)
- rapid onset of severe dyspnea (<72 hours after
precipitating event)
- increased alveolar dead space
- decreased pulmonary compliance ("stiff lungs," difficult to
ventilate).
Concentration of oxygen and ventilator settings are
determined by?
The patient's status (abg, pulse ox, bedside pulmonary
function testing)
QUESTIONS AND THEIR VERIFIED
CORRECT SOLUTIONS
Signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis
Headache, confusion, drowsiness, ⬆rr and depth,
nausea, and vomiting
peripheral vasodilation and ⬇cardiac output when ph<7
⬇bp, cold and clammy skin, dysrhythmias, and shock
chronic with ckd
What is the cardinal feature of metabolic acidosis?
A decrease in the serum bicarbonate level
Hyperventilation, with a resulting decrease in paco2,
is an expected compensatory reaction to which acid--
base disorder?
Metabolic acidosis
What is the most common blood-borne disease in the
united states, and is the leading cause of liver cancer
in many countries?
Hepatitis c
What could be considered the least dangerous of the
hepatitis infections, causes abdominal pain, jaundice,
nausea, and vomiting that can occasionally last for
months?
,Hepatitis a
Main prevention methods for hepatitis infections?
Strict adherence to infection control (standard precautions
and safe injection practices)
Pathophysiology of pe
Blood clot, thrombus, emboli (air, fat, amniotic fluid, septic
[bacterial]), or a-fib
What happens when a thrombus completely or
partially obstructs a pulmonary artery or its
branches?
Alveolar dead space is increased which leads to impaired
gas exchange
What results in an increase in pulmonary vascular
resistance—a reaction that compounds the v./q.
Imbalance?
Substances released from the clot and surrounding area
cause blood vessels and bronchioles to constrict
Clinical manifestations of pe
Depends on size of thrombus and area of pulmonary
artery occluded by the thrombus
dyspnea (most frequent symptom)
chest pain (sudden)
anxiety, fever, tachycardia, apprehension, cough,
diaphoresis, hemoptysis, and syncope
tachypnea (most frequent sign)
Obstruction of the pulmonary artery results in?
Dyspnea, sudden substernal pain, rapid and weak pulse,
shock, syncope, and sudden death.
Prevention of pe
, Active leg exercises to avoid venous stasis, early
ambulation, anti-embolism stockings, compression
devices, feet rest on floor/chair (dependent position, not
dangled). Avoid prolonged use of iv catheters and
crossing legs.
Treatment goal of pe
To dissolve (lyse) the existing emboli and prevent new
ones from forming
Treatment of pe
Improve respiratory and vascular status, anticoagulation
therapy, thrombolytic therapy, and surgical intervention
Emergency management of pe
Nasal oxygen, iv infusion lines, vasopressor therapy for
hypotension unrelieved by iv fluids, ecg for dysrhythmias,
blood draw (cbc, electrolytes, coagulation), foley catheter,
iv morphine/sedatives
Surgical management of pe
Embolectomy
inferior vena cava (ivc) filtration
Clinical manifestations of ards
- arterial hypoxemia that does not respond to
supplemental oxygen (hallmark)
- rapid onset of severe dyspnea (<72 hours after
precipitating event)
- increased alveolar dead space
- decreased pulmonary compliance ("stiff lungs," difficult to
ventilate).
Concentration of oxygen and ventilator settings are
determined by?
The patient's status (abg, pulse ox, bedside pulmonary
function testing)
