NSG 223 EXAM 4 REVIEWED
STUDYGUIDE
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges; can be bacterial, viral, or
fungal
septic meningitis
caused by bacteria
aseptic meningitis
viral, fungal, or weakened immune
meningitis risk factors
skipping vaccinations, age (viral younger than 5), living in
community setting, pregnancy, weakened immune system
Meningitis Pathophysiology
process where protective layers that cover the brain and
spinal cord become inflamed
meningitis s/s
pain in back, muscles, and neck, fever, chills, fatigue,
lethargy, loss of appetite, n/v, malaise, shivering, blotchy
rashes, irritability, confusion, stiff neck, sensitivity to light,
tachypnea, tachycardia
meningitis diagnostics
Lumbar puncture shows increase in CSF pressure and
presence of neutrophils
positive kernig sign
straightening the knee with the hip and knee in a flexed
position causes pain in the back and neck.
positive brudzinski sign
,neck flexion causing adduciton of legs
meningitis medical management
IV fluids and antimicrobial therapy are started immediately
when bacterial meningitis is suspected. The appropriate
antibiotic usually penicillin, a cephalosporin, rifampin,
vancomycin, and chloramphenicol is determined when the
microorganism identified.
meningitis nursing management
administer prescribed antibiotics
hydration- give fluids
bed rest
pain relief
education
meningitis pharmacological
antibiotics, steroids
glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the
retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
what part of the visual filed is affected with glaucome
peripheral vision
Glaucome pathophysiology
the optic nerve that connects the eye to the brain becomes
damaged
Wide angle glaucoma
the outflow of aqueous humor is obstructed at the
trabecular meshwork
narrow angle glaucoma
sudden increase in intraocular pressure when drainage of
the aqueous humor is blocked
glaucoma s/s
, intense eye pain, n/v, red eye, headache, tenderness
around the eye, seeing rings around lights, blurred vision,
severe headache, halos or colored rings
glaucoma diagnostics
IOP,
slit lamp microscopy,
optic disc cupping
angle test
optic nerve imaging
visual filed testing
glaucoma risk factors
African American race
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
Family history of glaucoma
Migraine syndromes
Nearsightedness (myopia)
Older age
Previous eye trauma
Prolonged use of topical or systemic corticosteroids
Thin cornea
glaucoma medical managmenet
trabeculectomy
laser trabeculoplasty
peripheral iridotomy
shunts
trabeculectomy
surgical creation of an opening that allows aqueous humor
to drain out of the eye to underneath the conjunctiva
where it is absorbed
laser trabeculoplasty
STUDYGUIDE
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges; can be bacterial, viral, or
fungal
septic meningitis
caused by bacteria
aseptic meningitis
viral, fungal, or weakened immune
meningitis risk factors
skipping vaccinations, age (viral younger than 5), living in
community setting, pregnancy, weakened immune system
Meningitis Pathophysiology
process where protective layers that cover the brain and
spinal cord become inflamed
meningitis s/s
pain in back, muscles, and neck, fever, chills, fatigue,
lethargy, loss of appetite, n/v, malaise, shivering, blotchy
rashes, irritability, confusion, stiff neck, sensitivity to light,
tachypnea, tachycardia
meningitis diagnostics
Lumbar puncture shows increase in CSF pressure and
presence of neutrophils
positive kernig sign
straightening the knee with the hip and knee in a flexed
position causes pain in the back and neck.
positive brudzinski sign
,neck flexion causing adduciton of legs
meningitis medical management
IV fluids and antimicrobial therapy are started immediately
when bacterial meningitis is suspected. The appropriate
antibiotic usually penicillin, a cephalosporin, rifampin,
vancomycin, and chloramphenicol is determined when the
microorganism identified.
meningitis nursing management
administer prescribed antibiotics
hydration- give fluids
bed rest
pain relief
education
meningitis pharmacological
antibiotics, steroids
glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the
retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
what part of the visual filed is affected with glaucome
peripheral vision
Glaucome pathophysiology
the optic nerve that connects the eye to the brain becomes
damaged
Wide angle glaucoma
the outflow of aqueous humor is obstructed at the
trabecular meshwork
narrow angle glaucoma
sudden increase in intraocular pressure when drainage of
the aqueous humor is blocked
glaucoma s/s
, intense eye pain, n/v, red eye, headache, tenderness
around the eye, seeing rings around lights, blurred vision,
severe headache, halos or colored rings
glaucoma diagnostics
IOP,
slit lamp microscopy,
optic disc cupping
angle test
optic nerve imaging
visual filed testing
glaucoma risk factors
African American race
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
Family history of glaucoma
Migraine syndromes
Nearsightedness (myopia)
Older age
Previous eye trauma
Prolonged use of topical or systemic corticosteroids
Thin cornea
glaucoma medical managmenet
trabeculectomy
laser trabeculoplasty
peripheral iridotomy
shunts
trabeculectomy
surgical creation of an opening that allows aqueous humor
to drain out of the eye to underneath the conjunctiva
where it is absorbed
laser trabeculoplasty
