Chapter 1 and 2: Psychological Science- Modeling Scientific Literacy
1. psychology: The scientific study of behavior, thought, and experience
2. scientific method: A way of learning about the world through collecting observations, proposing explanations for the
observations, developing theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions about future occurrences or
behaviors
3. Hypothesis: A testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured
4. Testable: observations and measurements can be shown whether the prediction was correct or, equally important
5. Falsifiability: Whether it was false
6. Pseudoscience: Ideas that are represented as scientific thinking or procedure 7. Theory: A well-tested explanation that
combines a range of observations into a coherent whole
8. Biopsychosocial model: A means of explaining behavior as a product of biological, psychological and sociocultural
factors
9. Scientific literacy: Which is the ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information
Knowledge gathering, application, scientific explanation and critical thinking 10. Massing: They break up a large pile of
cards into smaller groups and more through each mass of cards separately
11. Spacing: Leaving the cards in one big stack and moving through them one at a time
12. Critical thinking: Involves intentionally analyzing and evaluating beliefs, claims, or judgments,
Be curious, examine evidence, examine assumptions and biases, avoid overly emotional thinking, tolerate ambiguity and
consider alternative viewpoints 13. Empiricism: A philosophical tenet that knowledge comes through experience 14.
Determinism: The belief that events are governed by lawful, cause and effect relationships
15. Zeitgeist: Refers to a general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history
16. Charles Darwin: Theory of natural selection to explain how evolution works
17. Clinical psychology: Concentrates on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
18. Paul Broca: is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the hominid brain with
functions linked to speech production.
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, Chapter 1 and 2: Psychological Science- Modeling Scientific Literacy
19. Karl Wernicke: is located in the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain and is responsible for the comprehension of
speech
20. Sigmund Freud: Began to use the related concept of hypnosis to treat his own patients. Freud believed hypnosis cured
several patients
21. Hysterical paralysis: A condition in which an individual loses feeling and control in a specific body part, despite the lack
of any known neurological damage or disease
22. Psychoanalysis: Method of explaining how behavior and personality are influenced by primitive drives and unconscious
thought processes
23. Sir Francis Galton: Combined the mathematical methods of economics with discussions of social class and ethnicity and
made them relevant to psychology 24. Wilhelm Wundt: Credited for establishing the first psychology laboratory, the
father
25. Introspection: look within
26. Edward Titchener: Brought the introspection method to the United States and began mapping the structure of human
consciousness
27. Structuralism: An attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements work together
28. William James: Authored of the first textbook in psychology, The Principles of Psychology
29. Functionalism: The study of how behavior and thought function in organisms' adaptation to their environments
30. Behaviorism: An approach that dominated the first half of the 20th century of
US psychology and had a singular focus on studying only observable behavior
31 Ivan Pavlov: Research showed that dogs could learn to salivate to a tone if the tone has a history of sounding just before the
delivery of food
32. Classical conditioning: a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first
elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
33. B.F. Skinner: operant conditioning; it means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given
after the desired response
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1. psychology: The scientific study of behavior, thought, and experience
2. scientific method: A way of learning about the world through collecting observations, proposing explanations for the
observations, developing theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions about future occurrences or
behaviors
3. Hypothesis: A testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured
4. Testable: observations and measurements can be shown whether the prediction was correct or, equally important
5. Falsifiability: Whether it was false
6. Pseudoscience: Ideas that are represented as scientific thinking or procedure 7. Theory: A well-tested explanation that
combines a range of observations into a coherent whole
8. Biopsychosocial model: A means of explaining behavior as a product of biological, psychological and sociocultural
factors
9. Scientific literacy: Which is the ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information
Knowledge gathering, application, scientific explanation and critical thinking 10. Massing: They break up a large pile of
cards into smaller groups and more through each mass of cards separately
11. Spacing: Leaving the cards in one big stack and moving through them one at a time
12. Critical thinking: Involves intentionally analyzing and evaluating beliefs, claims, or judgments,
Be curious, examine evidence, examine assumptions and biases, avoid overly emotional thinking, tolerate ambiguity and
consider alternative viewpoints 13. Empiricism: A philosophical tenet that knowledge comes through experience 14.
Determinism: The belief that events are governed by lawful, cause and effect relationships
15. Zeitgeist: Refers to a general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history
16. Charles Darwin: Theory of natural selection to explain how evolution works
17. Clinical psychology: Concentrates on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
18. Paul Broca: is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the hominid brain with
functions linked to speech production.
1/6
, Chapter 1 and 2: Psychological Science- Modeling Scientific Literacy
19. Karl Wernicke: is located in the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain and is responsible for the comprehension of
speech
20. Sigmund Freud: Began to use the related concept of hypnosis to treat his own patients. Freud believed hypnosis cured
several patients
21. Hysterical paralysis: A condition in which an individual loses feeling and control in a specific body part, despite the lack
of any known neurological damage or disease
22. Psychoanalysis: Method of explaining how behavior and personality are influenced by primitive drives and unconscious
thought processes
23. Sir Francis Galton: Combined the mathematical methods of economics with discussions of social class and ethnicity and
made them relevant to psychology 24. Wilhelm Wundt: Credited for establishing the first psychology laboratory, the
father
25. Introspection: look within
26. Edward Titchener: Brought the introspection method to the United States and began mapping the structure of human
consciousness
27. Structuralism: An attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements work together
28. William James: Authored of the first textbook in psychology, The Principles of Psychology
29. Functionalism: The study of how behavior and thought function in organisms' adaptation to their environments
30. Behaviorism: An approach that dominated the first half of the 20th century of
US psychology and had a singular focus on studying only observable behavior
31 Ivan Pavlov: Research showed that dogs could learn to salivate to a tone if the tone has a history of sounding just before the
delivery of food
32. Classical conditioning: a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first
elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
33. B.F. Skinner: operant conditioning; it means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given
after the desired response
2/6
