1
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR
Criminal Law for the Criminal Justice Professional ISE Norman M. Garland
Chapter 1-16
ChapterT1
Nature,TOrigins,TPurposes,TStructure,TandTOperationTofTtheTCriminalTJusticeTSystem
ChapterTObjectives
AfterTreadingTandTstudyingTthisTchapter,TstudentsTshouldTbeTableTtoTaccomplishTtheTfollowingTobj
ectives:
1. StateTaTbasicTdefinitionTofTlaw.
2. ExplainTwhatTdistinguishesTtheTcriminalTlawTfromTotherTlaw.
3. DefineTtheTcommonTlaw.
4. StateTtheTprincipleTofTlegality.
5. ExplainTwhatTtheTMPCTis.
6. DescribeTtheTfundamentalTstructureTofTtheTAmericanTcriminalTjusticeTsystem.
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7. NameTtheTfourTbasicTpoliceTfunctions.
8. StateTwhatTisTrequiredTforTaTlawTenforcementTofficerTtoTarrestTaTsuspect.
9. StateTtheTpurposeTofTaTpreliminaryThearing.
10. DescribeTtheTtwoTalternativeTmethodsTforTchargingTseriousTcrimes.
11. ListTtheTthreeTpossibleTbasesTforTaTdefendant‘sTpretrialTmotionTtoTdismiss.
12. StateTtheTfourTpossibleTgroundsTforTappealTofTaTcriminalTconviction.
13. StateTwhenTaTdefendantTisTentitledTtoTanTattorneyTatTtrial.
ChapterTOutline
I. TheTNatureTandTOriginsTofTLaw
InTtheTUnitedTStatesTtoday,TmostTcitizensTunderstandTtheTconceptTofTlawTtoTconsistTofTtheTfol
lowing:
• TheTfederal,Tstate,TorTlocalTenactmentsTofTlegislativeTbodies
• TheTknownTdecisionsTofTtheTcourtsTofTtheTfederalTandTstateTgovernments
• RulesTandTregulationsTproclaimedTbyTadministrativeTbodies
• ProclamationsTbyTexecutivesTofTtheTfederal,Tstate,TorTlocalTgovernment
LawmakersTdistinguishTbetweenTtwoTtypesTofTrules:T(1)TreligiousTandTmoralTvaluesTandT(2)Trules
TcreatedTbyTgovernmentTtoTprotectTindividualsTandTpromoteTsocialTwelfare.TPeopleTrecognizeTthat
someTactionsTmayTbeTimmoralTevenTthoughTtheyTareTnotTillegal.TInTaddition,TpeopleTgen
erallyTbelieveTthatTtheyTshouldTbeTableTtoTliveTaccordingTtoTtheirTreligiousTprinciples,TasT
longTasTtheirTactionsTdoTnotTviolateTtheTlaw.
A. EmergenceTofTWrittenTLaw
FromTtimeTimmemorial,ThumankindThasTsoughtTtoTminimizeTturmoilTandTchaosTbyTtheTim
positionTofTsomeTsetTofTrulesTbyTwhichTtoTlive.TFromTtheTedictsTofTkingsTandTconquerorsTt
oTtheTU.S.TConstitution,TrulesTofTconductTforTsocietyThaveTbeenTproclaimedTandTenforced.
• AncientTLaw:TAlthoughThumanTsocietiesThaveTalwaysThadTrulesTofTconduct,TtheTfirs
tTknownTwrittenTlawsTareTbelievedTtoTbeTthoseTfoundTonTclayTtabletsTinTUr,ToneTofT
theTcity-TstatesTofTSumeria.TTheyTwereTcreatedTaboutT5,000TyearsTago.
• EnglishTandTAmericanTCommonTLaw:TEveryTancientTnationTeventuallyTdevelopedTfor
malTlegalTcodes,TandTtheTAmericanTlegalTcodeTderivesTprimarilyTfromTthatTofTEnglan
d.
AfterTWilliamTofTNormandyTconqueredTEnglandTinT1066,TheTestablishedTt
heTeyre—
thatTis,TaTcourtTwithTjudgesTwhoTtraveledTthroughoutTtheTkingdomTonceTe
veryTsevenTyearsTtoThearTcasesTasTrepresentativesTofTtheTking.
, 3
TheTdecisionsTofTtheseTjudgesTandTofTotherTmembersTofTtheTcentralTjudiciary
createdTbyTtheTNormansTtoTadministerTtheTlawTformedTaTlargeTpartTofTEngland‘s
commonTlaw.
• EmergenceTofTModernTCriminalTLaw:TWhenTtheT13TcoloniesTwereTestablishe
dTinTAmerica,TtheyTadoptedTEngland‘sTcommonTlaw.
AsTtheTcoloniesTdevelopedTandTtheTUnitedTStatesTwasTformed,TtheTlawTo
fTtheTUnitedTStatesTdevelopedTseparatelyTfromTtheTEnglishTcommonTlawT
tradition.TEventually,TstatutoryTlawTreplacedTcommonTlawTtoTmeetTcitiz
ens‘Tneeds.
B. CivilTLawTversusTCriminalTLaw
Today,TtheTU.S.TjudicialTsystemTprovidesTforTcriminalTlawTviolations,TalsoTcalledTcrimes,Ta
ndTcivilTlawTviolations,TalsoTcalledTtorts.
• CriminalTlawTisTdifferentTfromTotherTtypesTofTlaw,TandTfromTcivilTlawTinTparticu
lar,TbecauseTitTinvolvesTaTviolationTofTpublicTrightsTandTduties,TwhichTcreateTaTsoc
ialTharm.
• CivilTlawTdealsTwithTmattersTthatTareTconsideredTtoTbeTprivateTconcernsTbetween
Tindividuals.TItTincludesTlawsTdealingTwithTpersonalTinjury,Tcontracts,TandTpropert
y,TasTwellTasTadministrativeTlaw.TATviolationTofTcivilTlawTisTcalledTaTtort.
II. CriminalTLawTinTtheTUnitedTStates
TheTAmericanTandTFrenchTrevolutionsTstimulatedTaTlegislativeTmovementTinTtheTareaTofTcriminal
law.TOfTspecialTconcernTwasTtheTseverityTofTtheTcriminalTlaw:TByT1800,TmoreTthanT100Tdiffe
rentTkindsTofToffensesTwereTpunishableTbyTdeathTunderTEnglishTlaw.
A. PurposeTofTtheTCriminalTLaw
TheTunderlyingTpurposeTofTtheTcriminalTlawTisTtoTpreventTandTcontrolTcrime.
• SubstantiveTcriminalTlawTconsistsTofTthoseTlaws,TmostlyTstatutory,TthatTdefineT
whatTconstitutesTcriminalTconductTsubjectTtoTprosecutionTbyTtheTstateTandTsetT
forthTtheTpunishmentTforTsuchTcriminalTacts.
ProceduralTcriminalTlawTdictatesTtheTmethodsTandTtheTmeansTbyTwhichTtheT
stateTproceeds,TthroughTtheTpolice,TpublicTadministrators,TandTtheTcourts,Tto
TenforceTrightsTorTdutiesTofTtheTsubstantiveTlaw.
• ATcrimeThasTbeenTcommittedTwhenTtheTfollowingTelementsTareTpresent:
ATwillfulTunlawfulTact,TtheTactusTreus.
ATguiltyTmind,TtheTmensTrea.TTheTguiltyTmindTelementTdoesTnotTrequireTint
entTtoTviolateTtheTlaw,TbutTratherTtheTintentTtoTcommitTtheTactTthatTtheTlawT
prohibits.
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ATconcurrenceTofTactTandTintent.
TheToccurrenceTofTharmTtoTaTperson,Tproperty,TorTsociety.
ATcausalTrelationshipTbetweenTtheTcriminalTactTandTtheTharm.
B. StatutoryTCriminalTLaw
TheTdevelopmentTofTtheTcommonTlawTofTcrimesTthatTbeganTinTeleventh-
centuryTEnglandTcontinuesTtoTaTsmallerTdegreeTtoday,TbecauseTsomeTnonstatutoryTcrimesTa
reTstillTrecognizedTinTsomeTjurisdictions.TOtherwise,TtheTcriminalTlawTdevelopsTandTisTred
efinedTbyTlegislativeTenactment,ToftenTinTresponseTtoTsocietalTpressures.
C. TheTPrincipleTofTLegality
AnotherTreasonTforTtheTdeclineTofTjudiciallyTcreatedTcriminalTlawTdefinitionsTisTtheTprinci
pleTofTlegality,TwhichTisTaTcoreTconceptTofTtheTAmericanTsystemTofTcriminalTjustice.TUnd
erTthisTprinciple,TnoToneTcanTbeTpunishedTforTanTactTthatTwasTnotTdefinedTasTcriminalTbef
oreTtheTpersonTdidTtheTact.
D. ContemporaryTApplicationsTofTCommonTLaw
ManyTstatesThaveTabolishedTcommonTlawTcrimes,TrelyingTexclusivelyTonTstatutoryTorTcode
Tdefinitions.TEvenTthoughTtheTcommonTlawTisTbutTanTantecedentTtoTtoday‘sTmodernTstatut
oryTcriminalTlawTinTmostTjurisdictions,TtheTcommonTlawTdefinitionsTofTcrimesTcontinueTto
TplayTaTroleTinTunderstandingTtheTcriminalTlaw.
E. TheTModelTPenalTCode
InT1923,TtheTAmericanTLawTInstituteT(ALI),TanTorganizationTofTlawyers,Tjudges,TandTlega
lTscholars,TwasTfoundedTforTtheTpurposeTofTclarifyingTandTimprovingTtheTlaw.TInT1931,Ta
TproposalTforTaTmodelTpenalTcodeTwasTpresented,TbutTtheTDepressionTpreventedTfundingTt
heTproject.THowever,TitTwasTnotTuntilT1962,TafterT13TtentativeTdrafts,TthatTtheTALITpublis
hedTtheTProposedTOfficialTDraftTofTtheTModelTPenalTCode.TTheTModelTPenalTCodeT(M
PC)TisTaTcomprehensiveTrecodificationTofTtheTprinciplesTofTcriminalTresponsibility.
F. TheTGrowthTofTFederalTCriminalTLaw
PriorTtoTtheTCivilTWar,TtheTpowerTtoTdefineTandTpunishTcrimesTinTtheTUnitedTStatesTwasT
exercisedTprincipallyTbyTtheTstates.TSinceTtheTCivilTWar,TfederalTcriminalTlawThasTexpand
edTtoToverlapTareasTthatTpreviouslyTwereTwithinTtheTexclusiveTprovinceTofTtheTstates.TThus
,TthereThasTbeenTanTincreaseTinTtheToverlapTofTfederalTandTstateTcriminalTlawTauthority.
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR
Criminal Law for the Criminal Justice Professional ISE Norman M. Garland
Chapter 1-16
ChapterT1
Nature,TOrigins,TPurposes,TStructure,TandTOperationTofTtheTCriminalTJusticeTSystem
ChapterTObjectives
AfterTreadingTandTstudyingTthisTchapter,TstudentsTshouldTbeTableTtoTaccomplishTtheTfollowingTobj
ectives:
1. StateTaTbasicTdefinitionTofTlaw.
2. ExplainTwhatTdistinguishesTtheTcriminalTlawTfromTotherTlaw.
3. DefineTtheTcommonTlaw.
4. StateTtheTprincipleTofTlegality.
5. ExplainTwhatTtheTMPCTis.
6. DescribeTtheTfundamentalTstructureTofTtheTAmericanTcriminalTjusticeTsystem.
, 2
7. NameTtheTfourTbasicTpoliceTfunctions.
8. StateTwhatTisTrequiredTforTaTlawTenforcementTofficerTtoTarrestTaTsuspect.
9. StateTtheTpurposeTofTaTpreliminaryThearing.
10. DescribeTtheTtwoTalternativeTmethodsTforTchargingTseriousTcrimes.
11. ListTtheTthreeTpossibleTbasesTforTaTdefendant‘sTpretrialTmotionTtoTdismiss.
12. StateTtheTfourTpossibleTgroundsTforTappealTofTaTcriminalTconviction.
13. StateTwhenTaTdefendantTisTentitledTtoTanTattorneyTatTtrial.
ChapterTOutline
I. TheTNatureTandTOriginsTofTLaw
InTtheTUnitedTStatesTtoday,TmostTcitizensTunderstandTtheTconceptTofTlawTtoTconsistTofTtheTfol
lowing:
• TheTfederal,Tstate,TorTlocalTenactmentsTofTlegislativeTbodies
• TheTknownTdecisionsTofTtheTcourtsTofTtheTfederalTandTstateTgovernments
• RulesTandTregulationsTproclaimedTbyTadministrativeTbodies
• ProclamationsTbyTexecutivesTofTtheTfederal,Tstate,TorTlocalTgovernment
LawmakersTdistinguishTbetweenTtwoTtypesTofTrules:T(1)TreligiousTandTmoralTvaluesTandT(2)Trules
TcreatedTbyTgovernmentTtoTprotectTindividualsTandTpromoteTsocialTwelfare.TPeopleTrecognizeTthat
someTactionsTmayTbeTimmoralTevenTthoughTtheyTareTnotTillegal.TInTaddition,TpeopleTgen
erallyTbelieveTthatTtheyTshouldTbeTableTtoTliveTaccordingTtoTtheirTreligiousTprinciples,TasT
longTasTtheirTactionsTdoTnotTviolateTtheTlaw.
A. EmergenceTofTWrittenTLaw
FromTtimeTimmemorial,ThumankindThasTsoughtTtoTminimizeTturmoilTandTchaosTbyTtheTim
positionTofTsomeTsetTofTrulesTbyTwhichTtoTlive.TFromTtheTedictsTofTkingsTandTconquerorsTt
oTtheTU.S.TConstitution,TrulesTofTconductTforTsocietyThaveTbeenTproclaimedTandTenforced.
• AncientTLaw:TAlthoughThumanTsocietiesThaveTalwaysThadTrulesTofTconduct,TtheTfirs
tTknownTwrittenTlawsTareTbelievedTtoTbeTthoseTfoundTonTclayTtabletsTinTUr,ToneTofT
theTcity-TstatesTofTSumeria.TTheyTwereTcreatedTaboutT5,000TyearsTago.
• EnglishTandTAmericanTCommonTLaw:TEveryTancientTnationTeventuallyTdevelopedTfor
malTlegalTcodes,TandTtheTAmericanTlegalTcodeTderivesTprimarilyTfromTthatTofTEnglan
d.
AfterTWilliamTofTNormandyTconqueredTEnglandTinT1066,TheTestablishedTt
heTeyre—
thatTis,TaTcourtTwithTjudgesTwhoTtraveledTthroughoutTtheTkingdomTonceTe
veryTsevenTyearsTtoThearTcasesTasTrepresentativesTofTtheTking.
, 3
TheTdecisionsTofTtheseTjudgesTandTofTotherTmembersTofTtheTcentralTjudiciary
createdTbyTtheTNormansTtoTadministerTtheTlawTformedTaTlargeTpartTofTEngland‘s
commonTlaw.
• EmergenceTofTModernTCriminalTLaw:TWhenTtheT13TcoloniesTwereTestablishe
dTinTAmerica,TtheyTadoptedTEngland‘sTcommonTlaw.
AsTtheTcoloniesTdevelopedTandTtheTUnitedTStatesTwasTformed,TtheTlawTo
fTtheTUnitedTStatesTdevelopedTseparatelyTfromTtheTEnglishTcommonTlawT
tradition.TEventually,TstatutoryTlawTreplacedTcommonTlawTtoTmeetTcitiz
ens‘Tneeds.
B. CivilTLawTversusTCriminalTLaw
Today,TtheTU.S.TjudicialTsystemTprovidesTforTcriminalTlawTviolations,TalsoTcalledTcrimes,Ta
ndTcivilTlawTviolations,TalsoTcalledTtorts.
• CriminalTlawTisTdifferentTfromTotherTtypesTofTlaw,TandTfromTcivilTlawTinTparticu
lar,TbecauseTitTinvolvesTaTviolationTofTpublicTrightsTandTduties,TwhichTcreateTaTsoc
ialTharm.
• CivilTlawTdealsTwithTmattersTthatTareTconsideredTtoTbeTprivateTconcernsTbetween
Tindividuals.TItTincludesTlawsTdealingTwithTpersonalTinjury,Tcontracts,TandTpropert
y,TasTwellTasTadministrativeTlaw.TATviolationTofTcivilTlawTisTcalledTaTtort.
II. CriminalTLawTinTtheTUnitedTStates
TheTAmericanTandTFrenchTrevolutionsTstimulatedTaTlegislativeTmovementTinTtheTareaTofTcriminal
law.TOfTspecialTconcernTwasTtheTseverityTofTtheTcriminalTlaw:TByT1800,TmoreTthanT100Tdiffe
rentTkindsTofToffensesTwereTpunishableTbyTdeathTunderTEnglishTlaw.
A. PurposeTofTtheTCriminalTLaw
TheTunderlyingTpurposeTofTtheTcriminalTlawTisTtoTpreventTandTcontrolTcrime.
• SubstantiveTcriminalTlawTconsistsTofTthoseTlaws,TmostlyTstatutory,TthatTdefineT
whatTconstitutesTcriminalTconductTsubjectTtoTprosecutionTbyTtheTstateTandTsetT
forthTtheTpunishmentTforTsuchTcriminalTacts.
ProceduralTcriminalTlawTdictatesTtheTmethodsTandTtheTmeansTbyTwhichTtheT
stateTproceeds,TthroughTtheTpolice,TpublicTadministrators,TandTtheTcourts,Tto
TenforceTrightsTorTdutiesTofTtheTsubstantiveTlaw.
• ATcrimeThasTbeenTcommittedTwhenTtheTfollowingTelementsTareTpresent:
ATwillfulTunlawfulTact,TtheTactusTreus.
ATguiltyTmind,TtheTmensTrea.TTheTguiltyTmindTelementTdoesTnotTrequireTint
entTtoTviolateTtheTlaw,TbutTratherTtheTintentTtoTcommitTtheTactTthatTtheTlawT
prohibits.
, 4
ATconcurrenceTofTactTandTintent.
TheToccurrenceTofTharmTtoTaTperson,Tproperty,TorTsociety.
ATcausalTrelationshipTbetweenTtheTcriminalTactTandTtheTharm.
B. StatutoryTCriminalTLaw
TheTdevelopmentTofTtheTcommonTlawTofTcrimesTthatTbeganTinTeleventh-
centuryTEnglandTcontinuesTtoTaTsmallerTdegreeTtoday,TbecauseTsomeTnonstatutoryTcrimesTa
reTstillTrecognizedTinTsomeTjurisdictions.TOtherwise,TtheTcriminalTlawTdevelopsTandTisTred
efinedTbyTlegislativeTenactment,ToftenTinTresponseTtoTsocietalTpressures.
C. TheTPrincipleTofTLegality
AnotherTreasonTforTtheTdeclineTofTjudiciallyTcreatedTcriminalTlawTdefinitionsTisTtheTprinci
pleTofTlegality,TwhichTisTaTcoreTconceptTofTtheTAmericanTsystemTofTcriminalTjustice.TUnd
erTthisTprinciple,TnoToneTcanTbeTpunishedTforTanTactTthatTwasTnotTdefinedTasTcriminalTbef
oreTtheTpersonTdidTtheTact.
D. ContemporaryTApplicationsTofTCommonTLaw
ManyTstatesThaveTabolishedTcommonTlawTcrimes,TrelyingTexclusivelyTonTstatutoryTorTcode
Tdefinitions.TEvenTthoughTtheTcommonTlawTisTbutTanTantecedentTtoTtoday‘sTmodernTstatut
oryTcriminalTlawTinTmostTjurisdictions,TtheTcommonTlawTdefinitionsTofTcrimesTcontinueTto
TplayTaTroleTinTunderstandingTtheTcriminalTlaw.
E. TheTModelTPenalTCode
InT1923,TtheTAmericanTLawTInstituteT(ALI),TanTorganizationTofTlawyers,Tjudges,TandTlega
lTscholars,TwasTfoundedTforTtheTpurposeTofTclarifyingTandTimprovingTtheTlaw.TInT1931,Ta
TproposalTforTaTmodelTpenalTcodeTwasTpresented,TbutTtheTDepressionTpreventedTfundingTt
heTproject.THowever,TitTwasTnotTuntilT1962,TafterT13TtentativeTdrafts,TthatTtheTALITpublis
hedTtheTProposedTOfficialTDraftTofTtheTModelTPenalTCode.TTheTModelTPenalTCodeT(M
PC)TisTaTcomprehensiveTrecodificationTofTtheTprinciplesTofTcriminalTresponsibility.
F. TheTGrowthTofTFederalTCriminalTLaw
PriorTtoTtheTCivilTWar,TtheTpowerTtoTdefineTandTpunishTcrimesTinTtheTUnitedTStatesTwasT
exercisedTprincipallyTbyTtheTstates.TSinceTtheTCivilTWar,TfederalTcriminalTlawThasTexpand
edTtoToverlapTareasTthatTpreviouslyTwereTwithinTtheTexclusiveTprovinceTofTtheTstates.TThus
,TthereThasTbeenTanTincreaseTinTtheToverlapTofTfederalTandTstateTcriminalTlawTauthority.
