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This notes provides an overview of molecular representations in organic chemistry, covering functional groups, molecular structures, and heterocyclic compounds*. It includes: Hydrocarbons– Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics (e.g., benzene). Organic Functional Groups – Alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, ketones, and aldehydes. Nitrogen & Sulfur Compounds – Amines, nitriles, nitro compounds, thiols, sulfides. Heterocyclic Compounds – Pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, quinoline, thiazole, etc. This document is useful for students studying organic chemistry as it visually categorizes important chemical structures and their characteristics.

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Molecular Representation .

C-
O
Alkane -
: propane
Namine - N-
O Alkene C =
C : ethene organic nitrogen
Hydrocarbon compound. 2 Nitrile CEN

(@Alkyne
-




(EC : acetylene
③ Nitro -
NO2
④ Aromatic :
Benzene


i
O Carboxylic acid C Ol




Carboxylic cids}
% o Acid

-> Acid anhydride
-
chloride
oyl chloride)

C


i
-
C · acetic chloride


Zorganic
synthesis.





a -
COC : a cetic anhydride
derivatives
carbox Ester o i

.
/ester
-
c-0



Amide-N- CO(acid and
ether c-0 -
⑤ :




"
i
: CO
de
carbaldeny
:
-

DAldehyde formaldehyde (biological preservative)
Aldenude & Ketone ~ alth

& 2 Ketone
-




carbonyl cig-c : acetone (nail polish remover)
Butane - > butanone

↑ > one
.

-




① Alcohol -C



-

OH : alcohol Me





② Phenol OH antiseptic
-
:


Alcohols , Phenols , Ethers'

& Ether -DO
I
Sulfur analogues. · diethyl ether
, (an esthetic)
carboxy
Propanethiol (from fresh union).
SH :




⑤ Sulfide ally) sulfide (flavor Godor of garlic)
-




-S- -
:




- Heterocyclic compound
I




1 Heteroatom (P + fiphi) 2 Heteroatom (zole)
(pelajar fun fatimahigt
pen quran
.
isamiah)


O purrole o thiophene ③ furan-o-oc ① pyrazole ② imidazole
E




43 11
43 43
i




/1 i

3
.. 2
S
t
·
it ② isoxazole ⑪ oxazole
-
:

bentene! pyrrole -




pyridine quinoline ⑦ oquinoline
...

① Indole (6 + 5) -




③ Thiazole
M
- -
I
- i -
I
It :

-




it ·

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