7/27/23,g12:35gPM LegalgResearch,gWritinggandgAnalysisgLecturegNote
s
22/02gModulegOne-gOrientationgtogLaw
Developinggaglegalgmind
- CustomarygLaw(Lawgthatgdevelopsgthroughgbehaviour,glawgthatgwegknow)g/gWrittengLawg(lawgtha
tggetsg writtengdown,gparliamentgwritesgsomethinggdowngthatgbecomesglaw)
- CommongLawg(Australiag-gbelongsgtogcommonglawgtradition,gdevelopsgthroughgjudgesgmadegbyglaw)g/gCivil
Lawg(Systemgofglawgthatgexistgisgcountriesglikegfrance,ggermany,geurope
- NaturalgLaw(gIdeagofglawgthatgcomesgfromgnature,ggodgorghighergtranscendent)g /gPositivegLawg(
writteng downgthatgexistsgingcommunitygi.egholocaust)
- CasegLawg(Lawgthatgcomesgfromgjudgesgthatgtheygwritegabout/gLegislationg(writtenglawgofgparlia
ment,g legislation,gstatute,gactivegparliament)
- PrivategLaw(gLawgthatgexistsgbetweengindividualgi.egcontractglaw,gtortglaw)g/gPublicgLawg(relatio
nshipg betweemgindividualgandgstategi.egissuegbetweengyougandgministergingfarming)
- CivilgLawg(Monetary,gcompensation)g /CriminalgLawg(Notgalwaysgundergpublicglaw,gbetweengindivi
dualg andgqueen)
DevelopinggagLegalgMind:gThinking
FormsgofgReasoningg-
- Deductiveg(Mostgimportant)g-gSocratiesgisghumang-gallghumansgaregmortalg=gSocratiesgisgMortal)
- Inductive
- Abductive
Tigersgaregfelinesg-gallgfelinesghavegfangsg=gtigersghavegfangs
Allgcrimesgleadgtogjailgtimeg-gburglarygisgagcrime=gburglarygleadsgtogjailgtime
Johngisgagman-gAllgmengaregoverg6ftgtallg=gJohngisg6ftgtallg(validgbutgnotgsoundgbcgonegelementgnotgtrue)
Reasoninggbyganalogy
- Similaritiesg (howg many?)
- Patternsg(howgclear?)
- Storiesg(howgdetailed?)
-gSalience/relevance
Developinggaglegalgmind:gReading
PrimarygSourcesg (argumentsg bettergbuiltgong primaryg sources)
- Cases
- Legislation
- Treaties
- Proclamations
- Whatevergmakesgtheglawg(atgleastgpartially)gwhengcommunicated
SecondarygSourceg(notgwhatgtheglawgis)
- Textbooks
- Commentaries
about:blank 1/39
,7/27/23,g12:35gPM LegalgResearch,gWritinggandgAnalysisgLecturegNote
s
- JournalgArticles
- Legalg encyclopaediag entries
- Legalg dictionaryg entries
- Whatevergdoesgnotg(immediately,gatgleast)gmodifygtheglawgwhengcommunic
atedg Developinggaglegalgmind:gResearching
1. Identifygandganalysegthegfacts
2. Identifyglegalgissuesginvolvedgandgformulategthegresearchgquestions
3. Researchgtheglegalgissuesgthoroughly
4. EvaluategthegResults
IRACg-
I-gIssuegIdentificationg(Isgdoggallowedgoffgleash)
R-gRulegStatementsg(Doggwelfare,gwhateverglawgisgthere)
A-gApplicationgofgrulegtogfactsgandganalysisg(Wasgdoggongrope?gDoesgitgcountgasgleash?)
C-
gConclusiong(Tonygwasgallowed/notgallowedgtoghavegtheirgdoggongagleash)g(moregconfidencegandgmor
eg supportgfromgargumentsgisgbetter!!!)
1. Identifygandganalysegthegfacts
S-gSituationsgandgsubjectgmatter
- Objectsg(eggweddinggring),gPeopleg(Spouse),gPlaceg(Kitchen).gSituationg(Sportsgev
ent)g H-gHarm
- Immediate/proximate,gfuture,gphysical.gPsychological,gproperty,gfinancialg(earnings),greputationa
lg A-gActorsginvolves
- Whogdidgwhat.gspecialgcharacteristics/categories/status/salientgfeatures,glegalgrelationship
sg R-gRemedygorgrelief
- Howgcangthegharmgbegaddressed?gDamages,(Money,gmainly),gsentencing,gspecificgperform
anceg P-gPolicyg(Publicity)gconsiderations
- Socialgutility,gcostsgofglitigation,gattitudesgtowardsgcrime,g‘howgitglooks”,gmedia,gpublicginterestggr
oups,g alliesgandgopponents
2. Identifyg legalg issuesg involvedg andg formulateg theg researchg questions
Lookgforglegalgsourcesgwhichgdealgwithgsimilargtopicsgorgfactgsituations
- Relevantg features/differenceg (eg-g business,g forg profit,g government/statutory.g ect)
- Relevantgcasesgorglegislation
- Developinggagknack:gwhatgsmellsgfishygorgsticksgout?
3. Researchgtheg legalgissuesgthoroughly
Theggoalgisgauthoritativegstatementsgofglawgfromgprimarygsources
- Butgsecondarygsourcesgaregveryguseful
4. Evaluategthegresults
- Weighgauthoritiesgandgsources
- Determineg relevance
- Doesgitgallgraisegfurthergquestions?
Developinggaglegalgmind:gWriting
about:blank 2/39
,7/27/23,g12:35gPM LegalgResearch,gWritinggandgAnalysisgLecturegNote
s
- Thinkgclearly,gwritegclearly
- Asgsimplegasgpossible-gbutgnogsimpler
- Useg jargong (specificg legalg terminology)g onlyg whereg necessary
- Usegshortgsentences
- Usegthegactivegvoiceg(Thegtruckgwasghitgbygme.)
- Usegcorrectggrammargandgpunctuation
- Useg appropriateg language
- Considergreadergandgcontext
Developinggaglegalgmind:gReferencing
- Referenceg wheng paraphrasingg andg summarising
- Gogtogthegoriginalgsourceg(don'tgusegsecondhandgcitations)
23/02g Libraryg Researchg Skills
GetghardgcopygofgAGLC
LegalgResearchg-gChapterg16g(LayinggdowngthegLaw)
Keygdatabasesgforgcaseglaw
- Westlawg AU
- LexisgAdvance
- ICLRgOnline
- AustLii
- CCH
- Thomasg Reutersg Westlaw
PrimarygSourcesg-
gLayinggdowngtheglawgPart g2g SecondarygSources-
gLayinggdowngtheglawgchapterg17
Publishedg Lawg reports
- ‘Reportedg Judgements’gareg onlyg foundg ing Lawg Reports
- Reportedgjudgementsgaregfromgtypicallygfromghighergappellategcourtsge.ggstategSupremegC
ourtsg Unpublishedgjudgements
- Unreportedgjudgementsgakagmediumgneutralgcitationsg(ghavegnotghadgtimegorgnotgsignificant genough
gtogbeg reportedgon
LegalgAbbreviations
HCA-
gHighgCourtgofgAustraliag CLR-
gCommonwealthgLawgReports
TypesgofgLegislationg Legislati
onsg(Acts,gStatutes)g Delegates
gLegislation
1/03/22-g Governanceg throughgAdjudicativeg Law
about:blank 3/39
, 7/27/23,g12:35gPM LegalgResearch,gWritinggandgAnalysisgLecturegNote
s
Learningg outcomes:
- Explaing theg importantg differencesg betweeng legislationg andg caseg law
- OutlinegthegstructuregofgthegcourtghierarchygatgthegFederalgandgStateglevel
- Explaingthegdifferencegbetweengcaseglawgandglegislation
- Resolvegbasicgconflictsgandgcontradictionsgbetweengcaseglawgandglegislationg–
gasgwellgasgwithingcaseglawg andglegislation
- Applyg terminologyg andg conceptsg relatingg tog jurisdictiong andg appeal
Legislation
- Legislationgisgtheglawgmadegbygparliament
- Legislationgcangchangegtheglawgquickly
- Legislationgcangchangegtheglawgbeforegdisputesgarise
- Delegatedglegislationg(rules,gregulations,gstatutorygrules,gsubordinateglaw,glegislativeginstruments,gordinanc
e,g by-laws(rulesgcouncilgmakes)getc
-Mainlyg calledg subordinate,g secondaryg org delegatedg legislation
-
gLegislationgcangmakeggeneralgrulesgimmediatelyg(remembergtheglimitsgofgreasoninggbyg a
nalogy)
Contradictionsg ing Legislation
- I.egParliamentgsaysgsomethinggbutgtheglawgsaysgsomethinggelse
- Impliedgrepeal-gtheglaterglegislationgtrumpsgtogthegextentgofgtheginconsistency
- Theglatergactgisgprecedentg-gitgtrumps
- Twogstatutedg cang contradict;gtheyg cang containg differentgrules
- Wheregtwogstatutesgconflict,gthegstatutegwhichg isgmoregrecent-
giegwasgmoregrecentlygpassedgbygparliament-g isgthegauthoritativegsourcegofglaw
- Thisgisgthegdoctrinegofg‘impliedgrepeal’
- ExpressgrepealgisgwheregParliamentgexplicilityggetsgridgofgagpreviousgstatute
Hierarchyg ofg legislativeg bodies
- Commonwealthg Parliamentg trumpsg stateg parliament
Noteg-
gCTHgParliament gmaygonlyglegislategongcertaingtopics,gwhilegstategparliamentsgcanglegislategmuchg m
oregbroadly
- Legislationg trumpsg caseg law
- Callesg ‘Theg Doctrineg ofg Parliamentaryg Supremacy’
- Parliamentsgdognotgdecideghowglegislationgisgapplied
- Courtggetsgtoginterpret glegislation
Courts
about:blank 4/39
s
22/02gModulegOne-gOrientationgtogLaw
Developinggaglegalgmind
- CustomarygLaw(Lawgthatgdevelopsgthroughgbehaviour,glawgthatgwegknow)g/gWrittengLawg(lawgtha
tggetsg writtengdown,gparliamentgwritesgsomethinggdowngthatgbecomesglaw)
- CommongLawg(Australiag-gbelongsgtogcommonglawgtradition,gdevelopsgthroughgjudgesgmadegbyglaw)g/gCivil
Lawg(Systemgofglawgthatgexistgisgcountriesglikegfrance,ggermany,geurope
- NaturalgLaw(gIdeagofglawgthatgcomesgfromgnature,ggodgorghighergtranscendent)g /gPositivegLawg(
writteng downgthatgexistsgingcommunitygi.egholocaust)
- CasegLawg(Lawgthatgcomesgfromgjudgesgthatgtheygwritegabout/gLegislationg(writtenglawgofgparlia
ment,g legislation,gstatute,gactivegparliament)
- PrivategLaw(gLawgthatgexistsgbetweengindividualgi.egcontractglaw,gtortglaw)g/gPublicgLawg(relatio
nshipg betweemgindividualgandgstategi.egissuegbetweengyougandgministergingfarming)
- CivilgLawg(Monetary,gcompensation)g /CriminalgLawg(Notgalwaysgundergpublicglaw,gbetweengindivi
dualg andgqueen)
DevelopinggagLegalgMind:gThinking
FormsgofgReasoningg-
- Deductiveg(Mostgimportant)g-gSocratiesgisghumang-gallghumansgaregmortalg=gSocratiesgisgMortal)
- Inductive
- Abductive
Tigersgaregfelinesg-gallgfelinesghavegfangsg=gtigersghavegfangs
Allgcrimesgleadgtogjailgtimeg-gburglarygisgagcrime=gburglarygleadsgtogjailgtime
Johngisgagman-gAllgmengaregoverg6ftgtallg=gJohngisg6ftgtallg(validgbutgnotgsoundgbcgonegelementgnotgtrue)
Reasoninggbyganalogy
- Similaritiesg (howg many?)
- Patternsg(howgclear?)
- Storiesg(howgdetailed?)
-gSalience/relevance
Developinggaglegalgmind:gReading
PrimarygSourcesg (argumentsg bettergbuiltgong primaryg sources)
- Cases
- Legislation
- Treaties
- Proclamations
- Whatevergmakesgtheglawg(atgleastgpartially)gwhengcommunicated
SecondarygSourceg(notgwhatgtheglawgis)
- Textbooks
- Commentaries
about:blank 1/39
,7/27/23,g12:35gPM LegalgResearch,gWritinggandgAnalysisgLecturegNote
s
- JournalgArticles
- Legalg encyclopaediag entries
- Legalg dictionaryg entries
- Whatevergdoesgnotg(immediately,gatgleast)gmodifygtheglawgwhengcommunic
atedg Developinggaglegalgmind:gResearching
1. Identifygandganalysegthegfacts
2. Identifyglegalgissuesginvolvedgandgformulategthegresearchgquestions
3. Researchgtheglegalgissuesgthoroughly
4. EvaluategthegResults
IRACg-
I-gIssuegIdentificationg(Isgdoggallowedgoffgleash)
R-gRulegStatementsg(Doggwelfare,gwhateverglawgisgthere)
A-gApplicationgofgrulegtogfactsgandganalysisg(Wasgdoggongrope?gDoesgitgcountgasgleash?)
C-
gConclusiong(Tonygwasgallowed/notgallowedgtoghavegtheirgdoggongagleash)g(moregconfidencegandgmor
eg supportgfromgargumentsgisgbetter!!!)
1. Identifygandganalysegthegfacts
S-gSituationsgandgsubjectgmatter
- Objectsg(eggweddinggring),gPeopleg(Spouse),gPlaceg(Kitchen).gSituationg(Sportsgev
ent)g H-gHarm
- Immediate/proximate,gfuture,gphysical.gPsychological,gproperty,gfinancialg(earnings),greputationa
lg A-gActorsginvolves
- Whogdidgwhat.gspecialgcharacteristics/categories/status/salientgfeatures,glegalgrelationship
sg R-gRemedygorgrelief
- Howgcangthegharmgbegaddressed?gDamages,(Money,gmainly),gsentencing,gspecificgperform
anceg P-gPolicyg(Publicity)gconsiderations
- Socialgutility,gcostsgofglitigation,gattitudesgtowardsgcrime,g‘howgitglooks”,gmedia,gpublicginterestggr
oups,g alliesgandgopponents
2. Identifyg legalg issuesg involvedg andg formulateg theg researchg questions
Lookgforglegalgsourcesgwhichgdealgwithgsimilargtopicsgorgfactgsituations
- Relevantg features/differenceg (eg-g business,g forg profit,g government/statutory.g ect)
- Relevantgcasesgorglegislation
- Developinggagknack:gwhatgsmellsgfishygorgsticksgout?
3. Researchgtheg legalgissuesgthoroughly
Theggoalgisgauthoritativegstatementsgofglawgfromgprimarygsources
- Butgsecondarygsourcesgaregveryguseful
4. Evaluategthegresults
- Weighgauthoritiesgandgsources
- Determineg relevance
- Doesgitgallgraisegfurthergquestions?
Developinggaglegalgmind:gWriting
about:blank 2/39
,7/27/23,g12:35gPM LegalgResearch,gWritinggandgAnalysisgLecturegNote
s
- Thinkgclearly,gwritegclearly
- Asgsimplegasgpossible-gbutgnogsimpler
- Useg jargong (specificg legalg terminology)g onlyg whereg necessary
- Usegshortgsentences
- Usegthegactivegvoiceg(Thegtruckgwasghitgbygme.)
- Usegcorrectggrammargandgpunctuation
- Useg appropriateg language
- Considergreadergandgcontext
Developinggaglegalgmind:gReferencing
- Referenceg wheng paraphrasingg andg summarising
- Gogtogthegoriginalgsourceg(don'tgusegsecondhandgcitations)
23/02g Libraryg Researchg Skills
GetghardgcopygofgAGLC
LegalgResearchg-gChapterg16g(LayinggdowngthegLaw)
Keygdatabasesgforgcaseglaw
- Westlawg AU
- LexisgAdvance
- ICLRgOnline
- AustLii
- CCH
- Thomasg Reutersg Westlaw
PrimarygSourcesg-
gLayinggdowngtheglawgPart g2g SecondarygSources-
gLayinggdowngtheglawgchapterg17
Publishedg Lawg reports
- ‘Reportedg Judgements’gareg onlyg foundg ing Lawg Reports
- Reportedgjudgementsgaregfromgtypicallygfromghighergappellategcourtsge.ggstategSupremegC
ourtsg Unpublishedgjudgements
- Unreportedgjudgementsgakagmediumgneutralgcitationsg(ghavegnotghadgtimegorgnotgsignificant genough
gtogbeg reportedgon
LegalgAbbreviations
HCA-
gHighgCourtgofgAustraliag CLR-
gCommonwealthgLawgReports
TypesgofgLegislationg Legislati
onsg(Acts,gStatutes)g Delegates
gLegislation
1/03/22-g Governanceg throughgAdjudicativeg Law
about:blank 3/39
, 7/27/23,g12:35gPM LegalgResearch,gWritinggandgAnalysisgLecturegNote
s
Learningg outcomes:
- Explaing theg importantg differencesg betweeng legislationg andg caseg law
- OutlinegthegstructuregofgthegcourtghierarchygatgthegFederalgandgStateglevel
- Explaingthegdifferencegbetweengcaseglawgandglegislation
- Resolvegbasicgconflictsgandgcontradictionsgbetweengcaseglawgandglegislationg–
gasgwellgasgwithingcaseglawg andglegislation
- Applyg terminologyg andg conceptsg relatingg tog jurisdictiong andg appeal
Legislation
- Legislationgisgtheglawgmadegbygparliament
- Legislationgcangchangegtheglawgquickly
- Legislationgcangchangegtheglawgbeforegdisputesgarise
- Delegatedglegislationg(rules,gregulations,gstatutorygrules,gsubordinateglaw,glegislativeginstruments,gordinanc
e,g by-laws(rulesgcouncilgmakes)getc
-Mainlyg calledg subordinate,g secondaryg org delegatedg legislation
-
gLegislationgcangmakeggeneralgrulesgimmediatelyg(remembergtheglimitsgofgreasoninggbyg a
nalogy)
Contradictionsg ing Legislation
- I.egParliamentgsaysgsomethinggbutgtheglawgsaysgsomethinggelse
- Impliedgrepeal-gtheglaterglegislationgtrumpsgtogthegextentgofgtheginconsistency
- Theglatergactgisgprecedentg-gitgtrumps
- Twogstatutedg cang contradict;gtheyg cang containg differentgrules
- Wheregtwogstatutesgconflict,gthegstatutegwhichg isgmoregrecent-
giegwasgmoregrecentlygpassedgbygparliament-g isgthegauthoritativegsourcegofglaw
- Thisgisgthegdoctrinegofg‘impliedgrepeal’
- ExpressgrepealgisgwheregParliamentgexplicilityggetsgridgofgagpreviousgstatute
Hierarchyg ofg legislativeg bodies
- Commonwealthg Parliamentg trumpsg stateg parliament
Noteg-
gCTHgParliament gmaygonlyglegislategongcertaingtopics,gwhilegstategparliamentsgcanglegislategmuchg m
oregbroadly
- Legislationg trumpsg caseg law
- Callesg ‘Theg Doctrineg ofg Parliamentaryg Supremacy’
- Parliamentsgdognotgdecideghowglegislationgisgapplied
- Courtggetsgtoginterpret glegislation
Courts
about:blank 4/39
