1
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR s s
American Government Political Development and Institutional Change By
s s s s s s s
Cal Jillson
s s
s Chapter 1-21s
Chapter 1 s
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
s s s s s
FOCUSsQUESTIONS
Q1 Whatsaresthesbroadspurposessofsgovernment?
A1
Thesancientssbelievedsthesrolesofsgovernmentsandspoliticsswasstosfostershuma
nsexcellence.sHowever,sitsissimperativestosremembersthatsthesGreekssandsRomanss
believedsthesvirtuoussshouldsrulesaccordingstosnaturalslaw.sFurthermore,svaluesso
fsequalitysandsorderswouldsbesservedsthroughsassocietysbasedsuponsthesrulesofslaw
stosprovidesforsthescommonsgood.sInsthesMiddlesAges,sgovernmentswasslargelysus
edstosfacilitatesreligionsandsmaintainedsthesneedsforsthesindividualstoslivesasprope
rslifesinsthesservicesofsGod.sThesrolesofsgovernmentschangedsinsthesearlyssixteenths
centurysbysdownplayingsthesrolesofsreligionswhilesalternativelyspromotingsthesrol
esofslimitedsgovernmentstosprotectsprivatespropertysandsindividualsrights.
Q2 Howsshouldsgovernmentsbesdesignedstosachievesitsspurposes?
A2 AccordingstosPlatosthesphilosopher-
king’sswisdomsandsintellectswouldspromotesorder,sstabilitysandsjustice.sYet,sAristo
tlestakessasmoresrealisticsviewsofsAthenianssocietysbysadvocatingsthesbestsformsofs
governmentsassaspolity,swhichscombinedsoligarchicsandsdemocraticselementsstosp
roducespoliticalsstability.sThesRomansscombinedsmonarchical,saristocratic,sandsd
emocraticsprinciplessassasmixedsgovernmentswithinsrepresentativesbodiesslikesth
esSenatesandsthesAssemblysinsorderstoschampionsthescausessofsbothsthesrichsandst
hespoor.sGovernmentsinsthesMiddlesAgesswassdeterminedsthroughsdivinesright,sw
herebysasmonarchsorsPopeswassordainedsbysGodstosrule.sHence,swisdomsandsvirtu
esrestedswithinsthesesfewsindividualsswhosgovernedstospromotesreligiousslifesands
protectsthesreligioussestablishment.sThesRenaissance,sProtestantsReformation,sa
ndsEnlightenmentsPeriodssshiftedsthesrolesofsgovernmentsfromsupholdingsreligio
ussdoctrinestossecularsconcerns,ssuchsassprotectingsinalienablesrights,sincludingspr
ivatesproperty,sandspromotingscommerce.sInsturn,sEnlightenmentspolitical
©s2023sTaylors&sFrancis
, 2
philosophersslargelysappealedstosindividualismsandsnotsreligiousshierarchysassasm
eansstosprovidesordersandsstabilitysinswhichsindividualsscouldsflourish.
Q3
WhatslessonssaboutsgovernmentsdidscolonialsAmericanssdrawsfromstheshistorys
ofsancientsGreecesandsRome?
A3
Platoswasssuspicioussofsdemocracy’ssrulesofsthesmanysbecausesgoodsgovernme
ntswouldsdecaysintosmobsrule.sHence,sthespassionssofsthesmassessneededstosbesque
lledsbysmoresaristocraticselements.sWithsthissproblemsinsmind,sthesFramerssofsthesU
.S.sConstitutionsreferencedsthesinstitutionalsdesignsofsthesRomansrepublicsadhereds
tosthestraditionsofsmixedsgovernmentsinitiallysexpoundedsbysAristotlesandsthesRom
ans.sThisswassmaintainedsinsthesindirectsselectionsofsbothsthesSenatesandsthespresid
encyswithinsthesConstitution.sAristotlesalsosadvocatedsmixingsaristocraticsandsdem
ocraticselementssinsasgoverningsstructurescalledsaspolity.sInseffect,sthissgovernment
alsdesignsallowedsthesfewsandsthesmanystosparticipatesinsthespoliticssprovidingsanso
rderlyssocietyswheresthespoorsshouldsbesablestosselectsgovernmentsofficialsswhosw
eresheldsaccountable.sThisswassalsosmadesmanifestsinsthesConstitutionswithsitssarist
ocratic-
likesSenatesandsthesmoresdemocraticsHousesofsRepresentatives.sThussthesAmerica
nsrepublic’ssConstitutionsestablishedsinstitutionalspowersstosgovernsaccordingstost
hesrulesofslaw.sWhilesthesFramerssrejectedsthesreligiousshierarchysofsthesMiddlesAg
es,stheysappealedstosinalienablesrightssendowedsuponseverysindividualsbysGod,spers
theswritingssofsJohnsLocke,sinswhichsasjustsgovernmentsandssocietyscouldsnotsbesim
peded.
Q4 WhatscircumstancessledsEuropeansstosleavestheirshomelandsstossettlesinsAmerica?
A4
Individualssimmigratedstosthescoloniesstosescapesreligiousspersecutionsandscivi
lsunrestsaftersthesEnglishsCivilsWarsandstospursuessocialsandseconomicsopportunitie
s.sColonistssenjoyedsasvastsarraysofsnaturalsresourcessandsaslargesgeographicalsarea
swheresfreedomsofsreligionsandseconomicsopportunitysflourished.sAlso,stheirsheter
ogeneousssocialscompositionsasswellsasscontinualspromotionsofsideals,ssuchsassequ
alitysandstolerance,stendedstospromotespoliticalsfreedomsatsthessamestimesthatssoc
ialsexpansionsofsthespopulationswassoccurring.
Q5 Whatsdidsdemocracysmeanstosourscolonialsancestors,sandsdidstheysapprovesit?
A5
Thescolonistssweresskepticalsofsdemocracysandsviewedsthisstypesofsgovernings
authoritysassmobsrule.sSocietyswasslargelysseensasssegmentedsintosthoseswhossho
uldsrulesandsthoseswhosshouldsnot.sInsfact,sthesFounderssbelievedsthatstheselites(w
ell-
©s2023sTaylors&sFrancis
, 3
educated,slandsowners)sshouldsoccupyspositionssofsleadership.sThus,sansaristocra
ticselementswithinsgovernmentswassnecessarystosprotectsagainststhesthreatsofsmo
bsruleshistoricallysassociatedswithsdemocracy.sFundamentally,sthesideasofsrepubli
canismswasspromotedsassansidealsatsashigherslevelsthansdemocracy.sThisswassmad
esmostsmanifestsinsthestendencystosprefersmixed
©s2023sTaylors&sFrancis
, 4
constitutionalsschemessoverssingle-
bodysregimes,ssuchsassmonarchies,saristocracies,sandsdemocracies.sItswassinsthissr
espectsthatsourscolonialsancestorssweresbothsinnovativesandscriticalsofsextantsgov
ernmentalsformssyetssimultaneouslysweddedstosthespast,sespeciallysthesGreco-
RomansAncients.
CHAPTERsOUTLINE
I. AsTraditionstosDrawsFrom
HistorysandsexperiencesprovidedslessonssuponswhichsthesFounderssreferencedsinsdesigni
ngsAmericanspoliticalsinstitutions.
A. ThesAncients:sWhosRulessandsforsWhatsPurpose?
ThesphilosophysofsPlatosandsAristotleswassconcernedswithsstructuringsassociet
y,sknownsassascity-
state,sandsbasedsuponshumansnature:sSpeechsandsreasonsassthesfundamentals
characteristicssofshumans.sThus,sthespoliticalscommunitysorspolississdesigneds
accordingstosthesvirtuessandsabilitiessofsitssinhabitants.
1. ThesGreeks:sMonarchy,sAristocracy,sDemocracy
a. AccordingstosAristotle,sthespurposesofspoliticssisstoscreatesansorderst
hatsfostersshumansexcellence.sPlato’ssleaderswassthesphilosopherski
ng.sSincesPlatosdoubtedsthesrealitysofsthissking,shesconcludedsthatsg
oodsgovernmentswouldsbesuncommonsandsshortslived.s Platosandsp
articularlysAristotlesidentifiedsthreesformssofsgovernment:
1) Monarchy—rulesbysonesleader
2) Aristocracy—rulesbysasfewsgoodsmen
3) Democracy—rulesbysthesmany
b. Aristotlesalsostheorizedsthatsgovernmentsswouldsdecay.sThus,smon
archysdecayssintostyrannysthroughsdespoticsactionssofsassinglesruler.s
Second,saristocracysdecayssintosoligarchyswherebysthesfewsrulestosa
dvancestheirsself-
interestsscontrarystosthescommonsgood.sFinally,sdemocracysdecayss
intosmobsrulesassthesmassessrulesaccordingstostheirspassions.
c. Aristotle’ssadditionalscontribution:sPoliticalsordersbasedsonsreality
1) Aristotle’sscontributionswasspragmaticsbysaddressingsthes
needssofstheswealthysandsthesmassesswithinsassocietystosf
ormsasmixedsgovernment.
2) Hesbelievedsthatsoligarchysandsdemocracysaresthesmostsco
mmonsregimes.sTherefore,sthesbestselementssofseachsmig
htsbescombinedsandsmadesintosasgood,sworkable,sandsstabl
esgovernment.sHescalledsthissforms“polity.”
2. ThesRomans:sRepublicanismsandsMixedsGovernment
a. ThesRomans,snotablysPolybiussandsCicero,sbelievedsthatsgovernm
ent’ssinstitutionalsstructuresshouldsarbitratespowersbetweensrichs
andspoor.sAccordingly,sthissorderswassasrepublicsor
©s2023sTaylors&sFrancis
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR s s
American Government Political Development and Institutional Change By
s s s s s s s
Cal Jillson
s s
s Chapter 1-21s
Chapter 1 s
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
s s s s s
FOCUSsQUESTIONS
Q1 Whatsaresthesbroadspurposessofsgovernment?
A1
Thesancientssbelievedsthesrolesofsgovernmentsandspoliticsswasstosfostershuma
nsexcellence.sHowever,sitsissimperativestosremembersthatsthesGreekssandsRomanss
believedsthesvirtuoussshouldsrulesaccordingstosnaturalslaw.sFurthermore,svaluesso
fsequalitysandsorderswouldsbesservedsthroughsassocietysbasedsuponsthesrulesofslaw
stosprovidesforsthescommonsgood.sInsthesMiddlesAges,sgovernmentswasslargelysus
edstosfacilitatesreligionsandsmaintainedsthesneedsforsthesindividualstoslivesasprope
rslifesinsthesservicesofsGod.sThesrolesofsgovernmentschangedsinsthesearlyssixteenths
centurysbysdownplayingsthesrolesofsreligionswhilesalternativelyspromotingsthesrol
esofslimitedsgovernmentstosprotectsprivatespropertysandsindividualsrights.
Q2 Howsshouldsgovernmentsbesdesignedstosachievesitsspurposes?
A2 AccordingstosPlatosthesphilosopher-
king’sswisdomsandsintellectswouldspromotesorder,sstabilitysandsjustice.sYet,sAristo
tlestakessasmoresrealisticsviewsofsAthenianssocietysbysadvocatingsthesbestsformsofs
governmentsassaspolity,swhichscombinedsoligarchicsandsdemocraticselementsstosp
roducespoliticalsstability.sThesRomansscombinedsmonarchical,saristocratic,sandsd
emocraticsprinciplessassasmixedsgovernmentswithinsrepresentativesbodiesslikesth
esSenatesandsthesAssemblysinsorderstoschampionsthescausessofsbothsthesrichsandst
hespoor.sGovernmentsinsthesMiddlesAgesswassdeterminedsthroughsdivinesright,sw
herebysasmonarchsorsPopeswassordainedsbysGodstosrule.sHence,swisdomsandsvirtu
esrestedswithinsthesesfewsindividualsswhosgovernedstospromotesreligiousslifesands
protectsthesreligioussestablishment.sThesRenaissance,sProtestantsReformation,sa
ndsEnlightenmentsPeriodssshiftedsthesrolesofsgovernmentsfromsupholdingsreligio
ussdoctrinestossecularsconcerns,ssuchsassprotectingsinalienablesrights,sincludingspr
ivatesproperty,sandspromotingscommerce.sInsturn,sEnlightenmentspolitical
©s2023sTaylors&sFrancis
, 2
philosophersslargelysappealedstosindividualismsandsnotsreligiousshierarchysassasm
eansstosprovidesordersandsstabilitysinswhichsindividualsscouldsflourish.
Q3
WhatslessonssaboutsgovernmentsdidscolonialsAmericanssdrawsfromstheshistorys
ofsancientsGreecesandsRome?
A3
Platoswasssuspicioussofsdemocracy’ssrulesofsthesmanysbecausesgoodsgovernme
ntswouldsdecaysintosmobsrule.sHence,sthespassionssofsthesmassessneededstosbesque
lledsbysmoresaristocraticselements.sWithsthissproblemsinsmind,sthesFramerssofsthesU
.S.sConstitutionsreferencedsthesinstitutionalsdesignsofsthesRomansrepublicsadhereds
tosthestraditionsofsmixedsgovernmentsinitiallysexpoundedsbysAristotlesandsthesRom
ans.sThisswassmaintainedsinsthesindirectsselectionsofsbothsthesSenatesandsthespresid
encyswithinsthesConstitution.sAristotlesalsosadvocatedsmixingsaristocraticsandsdem
ocraticselementssinsasgoverningsstructurescalledsaspolity.sInseffect,sthissgovernment
alsdesignsallowedsthesfewsandsthesmanystosparticipatesinsthespoliticssprovidingsanso
rderlyssocietyswheresthespoorsshouldsbesablestosselectsgovernmentsofficialsswhosw
eresheldsaccountable.sThisswassalsosmadesmanifestsinsthesConstitutionswithsitssarist
ocratic-
likesSenatesandsthesmoresdemocraticsHousesofsRepresentatives.sThussthesAmerica
nsrepublic’ssConstitutionsestablishedsinstitutionalspowersstosgovernsaccordingstost
hesrulesofslaw.sWhilesthesFramerssrejectedsthesreligiousshierarchysofsthesMiddlesAg
es,stheysappealedstosinalienablesrightssendowedsuponseverysindividualsbysGod,spers
theswritingssofsJohnsLocke,sinswhichsasjustsgovernmentsandssocietyscouldsnotsbesim
peded.
Q4 WhatscircumstancessledsEuropeansstosleavestheirshomelandsstossettlesinsAmerica?
A4
Individualssimmigratedstosthescoloniesstosescapesreligiousspersecutionsandscivi
lsunrestsaftersthesEnglishsCivilsWarsandstospursuessocialsandseconomicsopportunitie
s.sColonistssenjoyedsasvastsarraysofsnaturalsresourcessandsaslargesgeographicalsarea
swheresfreedomsofsreligionsandseconomicsopportunitysflourished.sAlso,stheirsheter
ogeneousssocialscompositionsasswellsasscontinualspromotionsofsideals,ssuchsassequ
alitysandstolerance,stendedstospromotespoliticalsfreedomsatsthessamestimesthatssoc
ialsexpansionsofsthespopulationswassoccurring.
Q5 Whatsdidsdemocracysmeanstosourscolonialsancestors,sandsdidstheysapprovesit?
A5
Thescolonistssweresskepticalsofsdemocracysandsviewedsthisstypesofsgovernings
authoritysassmobsrule.sSocietyswasslargelysseensasssegmentedsintosthoseswhossho
uldsrulesandsthoseswhosshouldsnot.sInsfact,sthesFounderssbelievedsthatstheselites(w
ell-
©s2023sTaylors&sFrancis
, 3
educated,slandsowners)sshouldsoccupyspositionssofsleadership.sThus,sansaristocra
ticselementswithinsgovernmentswassnecessarystosprotectsagainststhesthreatsofsmo
bsruleshistoricallysassociatedswithsdemocracy.sFundamentally,sthesideasofsrepubli
canismswasspromotedsassansidealsatsashigherslevelsthansdemocracy.sThisswassmad
esmostsmanifestsinsthestendencystosprefersmixed
©s2023sTaylors&sFrancis
, 4
constitutionalsschemessoverssingle-
bodysregimes,ssuchsassmonarchies,saristocracies,sandsdemocracies.sItswassinsthissr
espectsthatsourscolonialsancestorssweresbothsinnovativesandscriticalsofsextantsgov
ernmentalsformssyetssimultaneouslysweddedstosthespast,sespeciallysthesGreco-
RomansAncients.
CHAPTERsOUTLINE
I. AsTraditionstosDrawsFrom
HistorysandsexperiencesprovidedslessonssuponswhichsthesFounderssreferencedsinsdesigni
ngsAmericanspoliticalsinstitutions.
A. ThesAncients:sWhosRulessandsforsWhatsPurpose?
ThesphilosophysofsPlatosandsAristotleswassconcernedswithsstructuringsassociet
y,sknownsassascity-
state,sandsbasedsuponshumansnature:sSpeechsandsreasonsassthesfundamentals
characteristicssofshumans.sThus,sthespoliticalscommunitysorspolississdesigneds
accordingstosthesvirtuessandsabilitiessofsitssinhabitants.
1. ThesGreeks:sMonarchy,sAristocracy,sDemocracy
a. AccordingstosAristotle,sthespurposesofspoliticssisstoscreatesansorderst
hatsfostersshumansexcellence.sPlato’ssleaderswassthesphilosopherski
ng.sSincesPlatosdoubtedsthesrealitysofsthissking,shesconcludedsthatsg
oodsgovernmentswouldsbesuncommonsandsshortslived.s Platosandsp
articularlysAristotlesidentifiedsthreesformssofsgovernment:
1) Monarchy—rulesbysonesleader
2) Aristocracy—rulesbysasfewsgoodsmen
3) Democracy—rulesbysthesmany
b. Aristotlesalsostheorizedsthatsgovernmentsswouldsdecay.sThus,smon
archysdecayssintostyrannysthroughsdespoticsactionssofsassinglesruler.s
Second,saristocracysdecayssintosoligarchyswherebysthesfewsrulestosa
dvancestheirsself-
interestsscontrarystosthescommonsgood.sFinally,sdemocracysdecayss
intosmobsrulesassthesmassessrulesaccordingstostheirspassions.
c. Aristotle’ssadditionalscontribution:sPoliticalsordersbasedsonsreality
1) Aristotle’sscontributionswasspragmaticsbysaddressingsthes
needssofstheswealthysandsthesmassesswithinsassocietystosf
ormsasmixedsgovernment.
2) Hesbelievedsthatsoligarchysandsdemocracysaresthesmostsco
mmonsregimes.sTherefore,sthesbestselementssofseachsmig
htsbescombinedsandsmadesintosasgood,sworkable,sandsstabl
esgovernment.sHescalledsthissforms“polity.”
2. ThesRomans:sRepublicanismsandsMixedsGovernment
a. ThesRomans,snotablysPolybiussandsCicero,sbelievedsthatsgovernm
ent’ssinstitutionalsstructuresshouldsarbitratespowersbetweensrichs
andspoor.sAccordingly,sthissorderswassasrepublicsor
©s2023sTaylors&sFrancis
