Test Bank For Behavior Modification What It Is and How to Do It 16th Edition by Garry Martin

Behavior Modification
p



● Whatpispbehavior?p
○ Action
■ Simpleporpcomplex
○ Overtp(youpcanpseepit)p
○ Covertp(can’tpdirectlypseepit,pex:pthoughts)p
■ Mustpbepinferredpfrompovertpresponses
■ Ex:pIpampangrypsopIpampgoingptophitpmypsisterp
○ Behavioralpexcess
■ Toopmuchpbehaviorpofpapparticularptype
○ Behavioralpdeficitsp
■ Tooplittlepbehaviorpofpapparticularptypep
● Behaviorpisphardptopdefinep
● Whatpispnotpapbehavior?p
○ Descriptionspofppersonalityptraitsp
■ Ex:pdiabolicalp(she’spcrazy)
○ Diagnosticplabelsp
■ Ex:pnotpschizophrenicp(she’sppsychotic)
○ Outcomespofpbehavior
■ Ex:pchangepinpweightp(sheplooksplikepshephasn'tpsleptpinpdays)
● Arepthesepbehaviors?
○ Thinking:pcovertpbehavior
○ Selfpesteem:pnop
○ Smoking:povertpbehavior
○ Procrastination:pyes,phardptopdefine,pbothpcovertpandpovertp
○ Disrespect:pyes,phardptopdefine
○ Beingp“gifted”:pdiagnosticplabelp
● Originspofpbehavior
○ Hereditarypfactors
■ Somepbehaviorspbasedponpinheritedpcharacteristics
○ Learning
■ Somepbehaviorpdevelopspaspapresultpofplearningp
● Learning
○ Relativelyppermanentpchangepinpbehaviorpresultingpfrompexperience
○ Wepknowptheyplearnedpsomethingpwhenpwepseepapchangepinpbehavior
○ Processespinclude:p
■ Classicalpconditioningp(aka:prespondent/Pavlovian)p
■ Operantpconditioningp(aka:pinstrumental)p
■ Modeling
● ClassicalpConditioningp

, ○ IvanpPavlovp(1849-1936)
■ Physiologistpinterestedpinprolepofpsalivation
○ Thepprocess:p
■ Stimulusp(bell)pgainspabilityptopelicitpapresponsep(salivation)pthroughpassociat
ionspwithpapstimulusp(meatppowder)pthatpalreadypelicitspapresponse
● Youpcanponlypclassicallypconditionpinvoluntarypresponses
● Ex:pstartlepresponse,pblinking,plactation,panxietyp
● Mostpofptheptimeptheyphavepapheavypbiologicalpcomponent
● Pavlov’spdogs
○ Beforeplearning…
■ Whatpispthepresponseptopfood/bell?p
○ Afterplearning…
■ Whatpispthepresponseptopfood/bell?p
○ Howpdidpthatplearningptakepplace?p
■ Associationpbetweenptheptwo,panticipation
● Terminologyp
○ Beforeplearningp(conditioning)
■ Food:punconditionedpstimulusp(US)
■ Bell:pneutralpstimulusp(NS)p
■ Salivation:punconditionedpresponsep(UR)
○ Afterplearningp(conditioning)
■ Bell:pconditionedpstimulusp(CS)
■ Salivation:pconditionedpresponsep(CR)p
● What’sphappening?p
○ Schoolpforpmanypyears,pfrequentlypsavedpanxietypworkpforpSundaypafternoon
○ Now,pnopschool,pbutpanxietyponpSundaypafternoonp
■ Sundaypafternoonpbeforepgradpschool:pNS
■ Sundaypafternoonpduring:pUR
■ Pairedpwithpwork:pUS
■ Afterppairing
● Anxiety:pCR
● Sunday:pCS
● Operantpconditioningp(learning)
○ Voluntarypresponsepfollowedpbypapconsequence
○ Consequencepdeterminesplikelihoodpofpresponsephappeningpinpthepfuture
○ Antecedent,pbehavior,pandpconsequencespdefinepbehavioralpsituation
■ Antecedent
● Setspthepoccasionpforpthepbehaviorp
■ Behavior
● Whatporganismpdoes
■ Consequence

, ● Influencepfuturepoccurrencepofpthepbehaviorp
○ Addpsomepantecedentspdesignedptopencouragepapbehavior
■ Ex:pstickypnote,pleavepyourphomeworkpoutptopseepitp
○ Addpapconsequenceporprewardptopencourage
■ Ex:psmoothie
○ Examples:p
■ Text:pA
■ Lookpatpphone:pBp
■ Seeptext:pCp
● Catpmeows:pA
● Feedpcat:pBp
● Catpstopspmeowing:pCp
Classical Operant

Response Involuntary Voluntary

Acquisitionp CS->UCS Associationpwithpconseque
ncep

● Scenario:paspapyoungpchildpJasonphadptopvisitpthepdoctorspofficepfrequentlypforpverypu
ncomfortablepmedicalpprocedures,pwhichpalwayspmadephispheartpratepincrease.pAspa
npadult,pwheneverpJasonpenterspapdoctor’spoffice,phispheartpbeginsptoprace,pandpbepbu
riesphispheadpinphisphandspwhichphelpspcalmsphim.p
○ Classicalpconditioningp
■ Behavior:pheartpratepincreasep(involuntarypreflex)p
■ UCS:punlearned,puncomfortablepprocedure
■ CS:penteringpdoc’spoffice
■ UCR:pheartpratepincrease
■ CR:pheartpratepincreaseptopdoc’spofficep
○ Operantpconditioning
■ Behavior:pburiespheadpinphands
■ A:pincreasedpheartprate
■ B:pburiespheadpinphands
■ C:pfeelspbetterp
● Modelingp
○ Learningpthroughpobservationpofpothers
○ Bandurapshowedpmodelingpinfluencedpaggression
■ Bobopdollp
○ Modelingpinfluencedpbypobservationpofpconsequences
○ Modelingpcan:
■ Initiatepbehaviorp(clapping)

, ■ Teachpnewptaskp(cooking)p
■ Influencepresponsepratep(drinking)p
■ Teachpemotionalpresponsep(anger,pfear)p(mompwithpfootball)p
● OnepRelatedpOrientation
○ Cognitivepbehavioralpmodificationp(Ellis,pBeck)p
■ Explainspmaladaptivepbehaviorpinptermspofpdysfunctionalpthinking
● Definingpcharacteristicspofpbehaviorpmodification
○ Focusponpbehavior
■ Avoidsplabelspandpdiagnosticpsystems
■ Focuspofpbehavioralpdeficitspandpexcess
○ Learningpandpthepenvironment
■ Behaviorpchangespresultpofplearning
■ Changingpantecedentspandpconsequencespcanpleadptopchangep
○ Scientificporientation
■ Methodspandprationalepcanpbepdescribesppreciselyp
■ Usepempiricallypvalidatedptherapyptechniquesp
■ Techniquesprootedpinplearningpresearch
■ Therapypoutcomespevaluatedpobjectivelyp
● Quantifyingpsomethingpobjectively
○ Practical,pappliedpmethodsptopchangepbehavior
■ Participantsptakepactiveprolepinptreatmentp
■ Techniquespoftenpappliedpbyppeoplepinpeverydayplife
● SpecifyingpandpAssessingpwhatpwepwantptopchangep
● Whatpispapbehavioralpassessment?
● Collectionpandpanalysispofpdatapinporderpto…
○ IDpandpdescribeptargetpbehavior
■ Specificpbehaviorptopbepchanged
○ Identifypcausesp(antecedents)p
○ Guidepselectionpofptreatment
○ Evaluatepoutcomep
● IdentifyingpandpDefiningpBehavioralpGoals
○ Ifptherepispapbroadpoutcomepgoalp(ex:peatingphealthy)ptargetpbehaviorpshouldpbeps
pecific
○ Lookspdifferentpforpdifferentppeoplep
○ IDpsmallerpsubpgoalspofpmorepcomplexpbehaviorp
○ Clearlypdefinepgoalspinpmeasurableptermsp
● SpecifyingpOperantpBehaviorsp
○ Includepallpbehaviorspthatpmustpbepchangedp
○ Definepovertpratherpthanpcovertpbehaviorspwhenppossiblep
○ Definepmorepcomplexpbehaviorpaspseriespofpsmallerpsteps
■ Taskpanalysisp(ex:pputtingponpapcoatpforpap2pyearpold)