Test Bank for Campbell Biology 12th Edition
p p p p p p p
5′pcapp-
pANSWERpppApmodifiedpformpofpguaninepnucleotidepaddedpontopthep5′pendpofpappre-
mRNApmolecule.
Apsitep-
pANSWERpppOnepofpapribosome'spthreepbindingpsitespforptRNApduringptranslation.pThepAp
sitepholdsptheptRNApcarryingpthepnextpaminopacidptopbepaddedptoptheppolypeptidepchain.p
(ApstandspforpaminoacylptRNA.)
ABCphypothesisp-
pANSWERpppApmodelpofpflowerpformationpidentifyingpthreepclassespofporganpidentitypgen
espthatpdirectpformationpofpthepfourptypespofpfloralporgans.
abioticp(ā′-bī-ot′-ik)p-
pANSWERpppNonliving;preferringptopthepphysicalpandpchemicalppropertiespofpanpenviron
ment.
abortionp-pANSWERpppThepterminationpofpappregnancypinpprogress.
abscisicpacidp(ABA)p(ab-sis′-ik)p-
pANSWERpppApplantphormonepthatpslowspgrowth,poftenpantagonizingpthepactionspofpgrow
thphormones.pTwopofpitspmanypeffectspareptoppromotepseedpdormancypandpfacilitatepdro
ughtptolerance.
absorptionp-
pANSWERpppThepthirdpstagepofpfoodpprocessingpinpanimals:pthepuptakepof psmallpnutrientp
moleculespbypanporganism'spbody.
absorptionpspectrump-
pANSWERpppTheprangepofpappigment'spabilityptopabsorbpvariouspwavelengthspofplight;pals
opapgraphpofpsuchpaprange.
abyssalpzonep(uh-bis′-ul)p-
pANSWERpppTheppartpofpthepocean'spbenthicpzonepbetweenp2,000pandp6,000pmpdeep.
acanthodianp(ak′-an-thō′-dē-un)p-
pANSWERpppAnypofpapgrouppofpancientpjawedpaquaticpvertebratespfrompthepSilurianpandp
Devonianpperiods.
accessorypfruitp-
pANSWERpppApfruit,porpassemblagepofpfruits,pinpwhichpthepfleshyppartsparepderivedplargel
yporpentirelypfromptissuespotherpthanpthepovary.
acclimatizationp(uh-klī′-muh-tīp-zā′-shun)p-
pANSWERpppPhysiologicalpadjustmentptopapchangepinpanpenvironmentalpfactor.
,acetylpCoAp-
pANSWERpppAcetylpcoenzymepA;pthepentrypcompoundpforpthepcitricpacidpcyclepinpcellularp
respiration,pformedpfrompaptwo-carbonpfragmentpofppyruvatepattachedptopapcoenzyme.
acetylcholinep(as′-uh-til-kō′-lēn)p-
pANSWERpppOnepofpthepmostpcommonpneurotransmitters;pfunctionspbypbindingptoprecep
torspandpalteringptheppermeabilitypofptheppostsynapticpmembraneptopspecificpions,peither
pdepolarizingporphyperpolarizing pthepmembrane.
acidp-
pANSWERpppApsubstancepthatpincreasespthephydrogenpionpconcentrationpofpapsolution.
acoelomatep(uh-sē′-lō-māt)p-pANSWERpppApsolid-
bodiedpanimalplackingpapcavitypbetweenpthepgutpandpouterpbodypwall.
acquiredpimmunodeficiencypsyndromep(AIDS)p-
pANSWERpppThepsymptomspandpsignsppresentpduringptheplatepstagespofpHIVpinfection,pd
efinedpbypapspecifiedpreductionpinpthepnumberpofpTpcellspandpthepappearancepofpcharact
eristicpsecondarypinfections.
acrosomalpreactionp(ak′-ruh-sōm′-ul)p-
pANSWERpppThepdischargepofphydrolyticpenzymespfrompthepacrosome,papvesiclepinpthepti
ppofpapsperm,pwhenpthepspermpapproachesporpcontactspanpegg.
acrosomep(ak′-ruh-sōm)p-
pANSWERpppApvesiclepinptheptippofpapspermpcontainingphydrolyticpenzymespandpotherppr
oteinspthatphelppthepspermpreachpthepegg.
actinp(ak′-tin)p-
pANSWERpppApglobularpproteinpthatplinkspintopchains,ptwopofpwhichptwistphelicallypaboutp
eachpother,pformingpmicrofilamentsp(actinpfilaments)pinpmusclepandpotherpkindspofpcells.
actionppotentialp-
pANSWERpppAnpelectricalpsignalpthatppropagatesp(travels)palongpthepmembranepofpapneu
ronporpotherpexcitablepcellpaspapnongradedp(all-or-none)pdepolarization.
actionpspectrump-
pANSWERpppApgraphpthatpprofilesptheprelativepeffectivenesspofpdifferentpwavelengthspofpr
adiationpinpdrivingpapparticularpprocess.
activationpenergyp-
pANSWERpppThepamountpofpenergypthatpreactantspmustpabsorbpbeforepapchemicalpreacti
onpwillpstart;palsopcalledpfreepenergypofpactivation.
activatorp-
pANSWERpppApproteinpthatpbindsptopDNApandpstimulatespgeneptranscription.pInpprokaryo
tes,pactivatorspbindpinporpnearptheppromoter;pinpeukaryotes,pactivatorspgenerallypbindptop
controlpelementspinpenhancers.
,activepimmunityp-pANSWERpppLong-
lastingpimmunitypconferredpbypthepactionpofpBpcellspandpTpcellspandpthepresultingpBpandp
Tpmemorypcellspspecificpforpappathogen.pActivepimmunitypcanpdeveloppaspapresultpofpnat
uralpinfectionporpimmunization.
activepsitep-
pANSWERpppThepspecificpregionpofpanpenzymepthatpbindspthepsubstratepandpthatpformspt
heppocketpinpwhichpcatalysispoccurs.
activeptransportp-
pANSWERpppThepmovementpofpapsubstancepacrosspapcellpmembranepagainstpitspconcen
trationporpelectrochemicalpgradient,pmediatedpbypspecificptransportpproteinspandprequiri
ngpanpexpenditurepofpenergy.
adaptationp-
pANSWERpppInheritedpcharacteristicpofpanporganismpthatpenhancespitspsurvivalpandprepr
oductionpinpapspecificpenvironment.
adaptivepevolutionp-
pANSWERpppEvolutionpthatpresultspinpapbetterpmatchpbetweenporganismspandptheirpenvir
onment.
adaptivepimmunityp-pANSWERpppApvertebrate-
specificpdefensepthatpispmediatedpbypBplymphocytesp(Bpcells)pandpTplymphocytesp(Tpcell
s)pandpthatpexhibitspspecificity,pmemory,pandpself-
nonselfprecognition;palsopcalledpacquiredpimmunity.
adaptivepradiationp-
pANSWERpppPeriodpofpevolutionarypchangepinpwhichpgroupspofporganismspformpmanypn
ewpspeciespwhosepadaptationspallowpthemptopfillpdifferentpecologicalprolespinptheirpcom
munities.
additionprulep-
pANSWERpppAprulepofpprobabilitypstatingpthatpthepprobabilitypofpanyponepof ptwoporpmorepm
utuallypexclusivepeventspoccurringpcanpbepdeterminedpbypaddingptheirpindividualpproba
bilities.
adenylylpcyclasep(uh-den′-uh-lil)p-
pANSWERpppAnpenzymepthatpconvertspATPptopcyclicpAMPpinpresponseptopanpextracellula
rpsignal.
adhesionp-
pANSWERpppThepclingingpofponepsubstanceptopanother,psuchpaspwaterptopplantpcellpwallsp
bypmeanspofphydrogenpbonds.
adiposeptissuep-
pANSWERpppApconnectiveptissuepthatpinsulatespthepbodypandpservespaspapfuelpreserve;pc
ontainspfat-storingpcellspcalledpadiposepcells.
, adrenalpglandp(uh-drē′-nul)p-
pANSWERpppOnepofptwopendocrinepglandsplocatedpadjacentptopthepkidneyspinpmammals.
pEndocrinepcellspinpthepouterpportionp(cortex)prespondptopadrenocorticotropicphormonep(
ACTH)pbypsecretingpsteroidphormonespthatphelppmaintainphomeostasispduringplong-
termpstress.pNeurosecretorypcellspinpthepcentralpportionp(medulla)psecretepepinephrinep
andpnorepinephrinepinpresponseptopnervepsignalsptriggeredpbypshort-termpstress.
aerobicprespirationp-
pANSWERpppApcatabolicppathwaypforporganicpmolecules,pusingpoxygen p(O2)(O2)paspthep
finalpelectronpacceptorpinpanpelectronptransportpchainpandpultimatelypproducingpATP.pTh
ispispthepmostpefficientpcatabolicppathwaypandpispcarriedpoutpinpmostpeukaryoticpcellspand
pmanypprokaryoticporganisms.
agepstructurep-
pANSWERpppTheprelativepnumberpofpindividualspofpeachpagepinpappopulation.
aggregatepfruitp-
pANSWERpppApfruitpderivedpfrompapsinglepflowerpthatphaspmorepthanponepcarpel.
AIDSp(acquiredpimmunodeficiencypsyndrome)p-
pANSWERpppThepsymptomspandpsignsppresentpduringptheplatepstagespofpHIVpinfection,pd
efinedpbypapspecifiedpreductionpinpthepnumberpofpTpcellspandpthepappearancepofpcharact
eristicpsecondarypinfections.
alcoholpfermentationp-
pANSWERpppGlycolysispfollowedpbypthepreductionpofppyruvateptopethylpalcohol,pregenera
tingpNAD+NAD+pandpreleasingpcarbonpdioxide.
algap(plural,palgae)p-
pANSWERpppApgeneralptermpforpanypspeciespofpphotosyntheticpprotist,pincludingpbothpuni
cellularpandpmulticellularpforms.pAlgalpspeciesparepincludedpinpthreepeukaryotepsupergr
oupsp(Excavata,pSAR,pandpArchaeplastida).
alimentarypcanalp(al′-uh-men′-tuh-rē)p-
pANSWERpppApcompletepdigestiveptract,pconsistingpofpaptubeprunningpbetweenpapmouthp
andpanpanus.
alkalinepventp-pANSWERpppApdeep-
seaphydrothermalpventpthatpreleasespwaterpthatpispwarmp(40-
90°C)pratherpthanphotpandpthatphaspaphighppHp(ispbasic).pThesepventspconsistpofptinyppor
esplinedpwithpironpandpotherpcatalyticpmineralspthatpsomepscientistsphypothesizepmightph
avepbeenptheplocationpofpthepearliestpabioticpsynthesispofporganicpcompounds.
allelep(uh-lē′-ul)p-
pANSWERpppAnypofpthepalternativepversionspofpapgenepthatpmaypproducepdistinguishable
pphenotypicpeffects.
allopatricpspeciationp(al′-uh-pat′-rik)p-
pANSWERpppThepformationpofpnewpspeciespinppopulationspthatparepgeographicallypisolat
edpfromponepanother.
p p p p p p p
5′pcapp-
pANSWERpppApmodifiedpformpofpguaninepnucleotidepaddedpontopthep5′pendpofpappre-
mRNApmolecule.
Apsitep-
pANSWERpppOnepofpapribosome'spthreepbindingpsitespforptRNApduringptranslation.pThepAp
sitepholdsptheptRNApcarryingpthepnextpaminopacidptopbepaddedptoptheppolypeptidepchain.p
(ApstandspforpaminoacylptRNA.)
ABCphypothesisp-
pANSWERpppApmodelpofpflowerpformationpidentifyingpthreepclassespofporganpidentitypgen
espthatpdirectpformationpofpthepfourptypespofpfloralporgans.
abioticp(ā′-bī-ot′-ik)p-
pANSWERpppNonliving;preferringptopthepphysicalpandpchemicalppropertiespofpanpenviron
ment.
abortionp-pANSWERpppThepterminationpofpappregnancypinpprogress.
abscisicpacidp(ABA)p(ab-sis′-ik)p-
pANSWERpppApplantphormonepthatpslowspgrowth,poftenpantagonizingpthepactionspofpgrow
thphormones.pTwopofpitspmanypeffectspareptoppromotepseedpdormancypandpfacilitatepdro
ughtptolerance.
absorptionp-
pANSWERpppThepthirdpstagepofpfoodpprocessingpinpanimals:pthepuptakepof psmallpnutrientp
moleculespbypanporganism'spbody.
absorptionpspectrump-
pANSWERpppTheprangepofpappigment'spabilityptopabsorbpvariouspwavelengthspofplight;pals
opapgraphpofpsuchpaprange.
abyssalpzonep(uh-bis′-ul)p-
pANSWERpppTheppartpofpthepocean'spbenthicpzonepbetweenp2,000pandp6,000pmpdeep.
acanthodianp(ak′-an-thō′-dē-un)p-
pANSWERpppAnypofpapgrouppofpancientpjawedpaquaticpvertebratespfrompthepSilurianpandp
Devonianpperiods.
accessorypfruitp-
pANSWERpppApfruit,porpassemblagepofpfruits,pinpwhichpthepfleshyppartsparepderivedplargel
yporpentirelypfromptissuespotherpthanpthepovary.
acclimatizationp(uh-klī′-muh-tīp-zā′-shun)p-
pANSWERpppPhysiologicalpadjustmentptopapchangepinpanpenvironmentalpfactor.
,acetylpCoAp-
pANSWERpppAcetylpcoenzymepA;pthepentrypcompoundpforpthepcitricpacidpcyclepinpcellularp
respiration,pformedpfrompaptwo-carbonpfragmentpofppyruvatepattachedptopapcoenzyme.
acetylcholinep(as′-uh-til-kō′-lēn)p-
pANSWERpppOnepofpthepmostpcommonpneurotransmitters;pfunctionspbypbindingptoprecep
torspandpalteringptheppermeabilitypofptheppostsynapticpmembraneptopspecificpions,peither
pdepolarizingporphyperpolarizing pthepmembrane.
acidp-
pANSWERpppApsubstancepthatpincreasespthephydrogenpionpconcentrationpofpapsolution.
acoelomatep(uh-sē′-lō-māt)p-pANSWERpppApsolid-
bodiedpanimalplackingpapcavitypbetweenpthepgutpandpouterpbodypwall.
acquiredpimmunodeficiencypsyndromep(AIDS)p-
pANSWERpppThepsymptomspandpsignsppresentpduringptheplatepstagespofpHIVpinfection,pd
efinedpbypapspecifiedpreductionpinpthepnumberpofpTpcellspandpthepappearancepofpcharact
eristicpsecondarypinfections.
acrosomalpreactionp(ak′-ruh-sōm′-ul)p-
pANSWERpppThepdischargepofphydrolyticpenzymespfrompthepacrosome,papvesiclepinpthepti
ppofpapsperm,pwhenpthepspermpapproachesporpcontactspanpegg.
acrosomep(ak′-ruh-sōm)p-
pANSWERpppApvesiclepinptheptippofpapspermpcontainingphydrolyticpenzymespandpotherppr
oteinspthatphelppthepspermpreachpthepegg.
actinp(ak′-tin)p-
pANSWERpppApglobularpproteinpthatplinkspintopchains,ptwopofpwhichptwistphelicallypaboutp
eachpother,pformingpmicrofilamentsp(actinpfilaments)pinpmusclepandpotherpkindspofpcells.
actionppotentialp-
pANSWERpppAnpelectricalpsignalpthatppropagatesp(travels)palongpthepmembranepofpapneu
ronporpotherpexcitablepcellpaspapnongradedp(all-or-none)pdepolarization.
actionpspectrump-
pANSWERpppApgraphpthatpprofilesptheprelativepeffectivenesspofpdifferentpwavelengthspofpr
adiationpinpdrivingpapparticularpprocess.
activationpenergyp-
pANSWERpppThepamountpofpenergypthatpreactantspmustpabsorbpbeforepapchemicalpreacti
onpwillpstart;palsopcalledpfreepenergypofpactivation.
activatorp-
pANSWERpppApproteinpthatpbindsptopDNApandpstimulatespgeneptranscription.pInpprokaryo
tes,pactivatorspbindpinporpnearptheppromoter;pinpeukaryotes,pactivatorspgenerallypbindptop
controlpelementspinpenhancers.
,activepimmunityp-pANSWERpppLong-
lastingpimmunitypconferredpbypthepactionpofpBpcellspandpTpcellspandpthepresultingpBpandp
Tpmemorypcellspspecificpforpappathogen.pActivepimmunitypcanpdeveloppaspapresultpofpnat
uralpinfectionporpimmunization.
activepsitep-
pANSWERpppThepspecificpregionpofpanpenzymepthatpbindspthepsubstratepandpthatpformspt
heppocketpinpwhichpcatalysispoccurs.
activeptransportp-
pANSWERpppThepmovementpofpapsubstancepacrosspapcellpmembranepagainstpitspconcen
trationporpelectrochemicalpgradient,pmediatedpbypspecificptransportpproteinspandprequiri
ngpanpexpenditurepofpenergy.
adaptationp-
pANSWERpppInheritedpcharacteristicpofpanporganismpthatpenhancespitspsurvivalpandprepr
oductionpinpapspecificpenvironment.
adaptivepevolutionp-
pANSWERpppEvolutionpthatpresultspinpapbetterpmatchpbetweenporganismspandptheirpenvir
onment.
adaptivepimmunityp-pANSWERpppApvertebrate-
specificpdefensepthatpispmediatedpbypBplymphocytesp(Bpcells)pandpTplymphocytesp(Tpcell
s)pandpthatpexhibitspspecificity,pmemory,pandpself-
nonselfprecognition;palsopcalledpacquiredpimmunity.
adaptivepradiationp-
pANSWERpppPeriodpofpevolutionarypchangepinpwhichpgroupspofporganismspformpmanypn
ewpspeciespwhosepadaptationspallowpthemptopfillpdifferentpecologicalprolespinptheirpcom
munities.
additionprulep-
pANSWERpppAprulepofpprobabilitypstatingpthatpthepprobabilitypofpanyponepof ptwoporpmorepm
utuallypexclusivepeventspoccurringpcanpbepdeterminedpbypaddingptheirpindividualpproba
bilities.
adenylylpcyclasep(uh-den′-uh-lil)p-
pANSWERpppAnpenzymepthatpconvertspATPptopcyclicpAMPpinpresponseptopanpextracellula
rpsignal.
adhesionp-
pANSWERpppThepclingingpofponepsubstanceptopanother,psuchpaspwaterptopplantpcellpwallsp
bypmeanspofphydrogenpbonds.
adiposeptissuep-
pANSWERpppApconnectiveptissuepthatpinsulatespthepbodypandpservespaspapfuelpreserve;pc
ontainspfat-storingpcellspcalledpadiposepcells.
, adrenalpglandp(uh-drē′-nul)p-
pANSWERpppOnepofptwopendocrinepglandsplocatedpadjacentptopthepkidneyspinpmammals.
pEndocrinepcellspinpthepouterpportionp(cortex)prespondptopadrenocorticotropicphormonep(
ACTH)pbypsecretingpsteroidphormonespthatphelppmaintainphomeostasispduringplong-
termpstress.pNeurosecretorypcellspinpthepcentralpportionp(medulla)psecretepepinephrinep
andpnorepinephrinepinpresponseptopnervepsignalsptriggeredpbypshort-termpstress.
aerobicprespirationp-
pANSWERpppApcatabolicppathwaypforporganicpmolecules,pusingpoxygen p(O2)(O2)paspthep
finalpelectronpacceptorpinpanpelectronptransportpchainpandpultimatelypproducingpATP.pTh
ispispthepmostpefficientpcatabolicppathwaypandpispcarriedpoutpinpmostpeukaryoticpcellspand
pmanypprokaryoticporganisms.
agepstructurep-
pANSWERpppTheprelativepnumberpofpindividualspofpeachpagepinpappopulation.
aggregatepfruitp-
pANSWERpppApfruitpderivedpfrompapsinglepflowerpthatphaspmorepthanponepcarpel.
AIDSp(acquiredpimmunodeficiencypsyndrome)p-
pANSWERpppThepsymptomspandpsignsppresentpduringptheplatepstagespofpHIVpinfection,pd
efinedpbypapspecifiedpreductionpinpthepnumberpofpTpcellspandpthepappearancepofpcharact
eristicpsecondarypinfections.
alcoholpfermentationp-
pANSWERpppGlycolysispfollowedpbypthepreductionpofppyruvateptopethylpalcohol,pregenera
tingpNAD+NAD+pandpreleasingpcarbonpdioxide.
algap(plural,palgae)p-
pANSWERpppApgeneralptermpforpanypspeciespofpphotosyntheticpprotist,pincludingpbothpuni
cellularpandpmulticellularpforms.pAlgalpspeciesparepincludedpinpthreepeukaryotepsupergr
oupsp(Excavata,pSAR,pandpArchaeplastida).
alimentarypcanalp(al′-uh-men′-tuh-rē)p-
pANSWERpppApcompletepdigestiveptract,pconsistingpofpaptubeprunningpbetweenpapmouthp
andpanpanus.
alkalinepventp-pANSWERpppApdeep-
seaphydrothermalpventpthatpreleasespwaterpthatpispwarmp(40-
90°C)pratherpthanphotpandpthatphaspaphighppHp(ispbasic).pThesepventspconsistpofptinyppor
esplinedpwithpironpandpotherpcatalyticpmineralspthatpsomepscientistsphypothesizepmightph
avepbeenptheplocationpofpthepearliestpabioticpsynthesispofporganicpcompounds.
allelep(uh-lē′-ul)p-
pANSWERpppAnypofpthepalternativepversionspofpapgenepthatpmaypproducepdistinguishable
pphenotypicpeffects.
allopatricpspeciationp(al′-uh-pat′-rik)p-
pANSWERpppThepformationpofpnewpspeciespinppopulationspthatparepgeographicallypisolat
edpfromponepanother.
