BIOL1020 Notes
CONTENTS
General Terms 6
Taxonomy [1.2] 6
Pre-evolution Explanations of Diversity & Unity [1.2] 6
Evolution [1.2] 7
Three Domain Tree of Life 7
ENergy and Matter 7
Scientific Principals 8
DNA [1.2] 8
Cell Membranes // Plasma Membrane [1.2] 8
Overview of Cell Types [1.2] 9
Macromolecules Overview [2.1] 10
Polymerisation // Dehydration 10
Polymer Breakdown // Hydrolysis 10
Carbohydrates [2.1] 11
Carbs in Food: Glycemic Index (GI) 11
Monosaccharides 12
Polysaccharides 13
Starch 13
Glycogen 13
Cellulose 13
Glycoproteins 13
Chitin 13
Disaccharides 14
Lipids [2.1] 15
1
,Fatty Acids 15
Phospholipids 15
Fats AKA Triacylglycerol 16
Steroids 16
Proteins [2.1] 17
Amino Acids 17
Peptide Bonds 17
Protein Conformation 18
Enzymes [2.1] 19
Nucleic acids - DNA & RNA [2.2] 21
RNA 22
DNA 23
DNA Replication 24
Note on Energy Making DNA Synthesis Proceed 26
Gross Anatomy OF Cells [3.1] 27
Cell Membrane [ALL CELLS] 27
Prokaryotes 28
Bacteria 28
EUKARYOTIC (ANIMALS, PLANTS) 29
Endosymbiotic Theory 30
Mitochondria 30
Chloroplasts 30
Other Specialized Structures 31
Cytoskeleton 32
Microscopy 33
Cellular Energy [3.2] 34
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 34
2
,Gibbs Free Energy (G) 35
Coupled Reactions 35
ATP 36
Cycling of ADP 37
Work 37
Why ATP instead of another energy Molecule? 37
Biological Energy Transfer 38
- Digestion
Aerobic Respiration 39
Oxidative Phosphorylation in Depth 41
Photosynthesis Overview 43
High 44
Cell Division 45
Binary Fission – Prokaryotic Cell Division 45
Eukaryotic Cell Division 45
Cell Cycle Control 48
Cell Cycle Control Depends on External Signals as well as internal 50
Cell Cycle Control - Cancer 50
Genes to Traits 51
Transcription 52
Translation 53
Chromosomes 54
Eukaryotes 54
Recombinant DNA Technology [ONLINE LEARNING] 55
DNA Library 55
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 56
Gene Regulation in Bacteria 57
3
, Bacteria Gene Regulation Example - Lac Operon of E. Coli 58
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 59
Extra Notes – Genes to Traits 60
Noncoding RNA 61
Cell Differentiation 61
Practical Applications of DNA Tech 61
Viruses 62
Prac Material 63
Phenotypic Variation and Inheritance [L13] 64
Genetic Variation in bacteria 65
Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles [OL] 67
Inheritance and Sexual Reproduction [L14] 68
Mendel’s Principles [37] 69
Linked Genes [41,42] 70
Mutations [46] 71
Inheritance in the Sexual Life Cycle [35] 72
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction [36] 74
Mendelian Inheritance [38] 76
Practical Notes 77
Definitions 78
Lecture 19 – Evolution Adaptation and Natural Selection 79
Genetic Variation – OL11 80
65 – Forces that Drive Evolution 81
66 – Genetic Variation 83
67 – Calculating Changes in Allele Frequencies 84
39 – Non-Mendelian Inheritance 86
63 – Introduction to Evolution 88
4
CONTENTS
General Terms 6
Taxonomy [1.2] 6
Pre-evolution Explanations of Diversity & Unity [1.2] 6
Evolution [1.2] 7
Three Domain Tree of Life 7
ENergy and Matter 7
Scientific Principals 8
DNA [1.2] 8
Cell Membranes // Plasma Membrane [1.2] 8
Overview of Cell Types [1.2] 9
Macromolecules Overview [2.1] 10
Polymerisation // Dehydration 10
Polymer Breakdown // Hydrolysis 10
Carbohydrates [2.1] 11
Carbs in Food: Glycemic Index (GI) 11
Monosaccharides 12
Polysaccharides 13
Starch 13
Glycogen 13
Cellulose 13
Glycoproteins 13
Chitin 13
Disaccharides 14
Lipids [2.1] 15
1
,Fatty Acids 15
Phospholipids 15
Fats AKA Triacylglycerol 16
Steroids 16
Proteins [2.1] 17
Amino Acids 17
Peptide Bonds 17
Protein Conformation 18
Enzymes [2.1] 19
Nucleic acids - DNA & RNA [2.2] 21
RNA 22
DNA 23
DNA Replication 24
Note on Energy Making DNA Synthesis Proceed 26
Gross Anatomy OF Cells [3.1] 27
Cell Membrane [ALL CELLS] 27
Prokaryotes 28
Bacteria 28
EUKARYOTIC (ANIMALS, PLANTS) 29
Endosymbiotic Theory 30
Mitochondria 30
Chloroplasts 30
Other Specialized Structures 31
Cytoskeleton 32
Microscopy 33
Cellular Energy [3.2] 34
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 34
2
,Gibbs Free Energy (G) 35
Coupled Reactions 35
ATP 36
Cycling of ADP 37
Work 37
Why ATP instead of another energy Molecule? 37
Biological Energy Transfer 38
- Digestion
Aerobic Respiration 39
Oxidative Phosphorylation in Depth 41
Photosynthesis Overview 43
High 44
Cell Division 45
Binary Fission – Prokaryotic Cell Division 45
Eukaryotic Cell Division 45
Cell Cycle Control 48
Cell Cycle Control Depends on External Signals as well as internal 50
Cell Cycle Control - Cancer 50
Genes to Traits 51
Transcription 52
Translation 53
Chromosomes 54
Eukaryotes 54
Recombinant DNA Technology [ONLINE LEARNING] 55
DNA Library 55
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 56
Gene Regulation in Bacteria 57
3
, Bacteria Gene Regulation Example - Lac Operon of E. Coli 58
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 59
Extra Notes – Genes to Traits 60
Noncoding RNA 61
Cell Differentiation 61
Practical Applications of DNA Tech 61
Viruses 62
Prac Material 63
Phenotypic Variation and Inheritance [L13] 64
Genetic Variation in bacteria 65
Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles [OL] 67
Inheritance and Sexual Reproduction [L14] 68
Mendel’s Principles [37] 69
Linked Genes [41,42] 70
Mutations [46] 71
Inheritance in the Sexual Life Cycle [35] 72
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction [36] 74
Mendelian Inheritance [38] 76
Practical Notes 77
Definitions 78
Lecture 19 – Evolution Adaptation and Natural Selection 79
Genetic Variation – OL11 80
65 – Forces that Drive Evolution 81
66 – Genetic Variation 83
67 – Calculating Changes in Allele Frequencies 84
39 – Non-Mendelian Inheritance 86
63 – Introduction to Evolution 88
4
