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1. Discussehowetheehumanistic-
existentialemodeleandetheebiologicalemodelediffereinetheireunderstandingeofecauseseofeab
normality.
2. Whateareesomeeadvantageseandedisadvantageseofeusingedrugseinepsychotherapy?
3. Ifeaefriendeofeyourseneededetreatmenteforedepression,ewhatewouldebeeadvantageseandedi
sadvantageseofeyourefriendereceivingeeitherepsychodynamicetherapyeorecognitiveether
apy?eWhicheofetheseealternativesewouldeyouerecommendetoeyourefriend?
4. Howewouldetheebehavioralemodeleexplainehoweaepersoneacquiredeaneabnormalefeareofed
ogs?
5. Describeegroupetherapy,efamilyetherapy,eandecoupleetherapy.eDiscussewhateeacheentailsea
ndegiveeaneexampleeforeeach.
6. Oneeuniqueeparteofetheesocioculturalemodeleisethee"communityetreatment"easpect,eaekeyeco
mponenteofewhicheiseprevention.eHowedoecommunityetreatmenteadvocateseaccomplishepre
vention?
7. Defineeprimary,esecondary,eandetertiaryeprevention.eProvideeaneexampleeofeeach.
8. Discussetheereasonsethateculture-
sensitiveetherapyearoseeandetheechallengeseiteseeksetoeaddress.
9. Describeetheeoriginseofeabnormalityeaccordingetoeanyethreeeofetheseemodels:esociocultural
,epsychodynamic,ebehavioral,ecognitive,ehumanistic-existential,ebiological.
10. Explainetheebiopsychosocialeapproachetoeunderstandingetheecauseseofeabnormality.eProvi
deeaneexampleeofehowethiseapproachemightebeeappliedetoetheecauseseofedepression.
11. Manyeclinicianseviewetheireapproachease"eclectic."eWhateiseaneeclecticeapproachetoeab
normality?eDescribeeateleasteoneeexampleeofeaneeclecticeapproachetoeabnormality.
12. First,edefineenutraceuticals.eThenecompareethemewitheconventionalemedications.
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13. Explainetheethreeecentraleforcesethateshapeepersonality,eaccordingetoeFreud.
14. Explainehowecognitiveetheoristseexplaineabnormalebehavior.
15. Compareeandecontrastetheedifferenteformseofecybertherapy.
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Answer Key
e
1. Biologicaletheoristseadopteaemedicaleperspectiveeandebelieveethateabnormalebehavioreiseth
eeresulteofephysicalemalfunctioning.eTheoristseofethiseperspectiveeoftenefocuseonebraineana
tomy,ebrainechemistry,egenetics,ehormones,eoreotherephysiologicalemalfunctions.e Theehu
manistic-existentialemodelebelievesethatedysfunctioneisetheeresulteofeself-
deceiteoretheeavoidanceeoferesponsibility.eHumanistsebelieveethatehumanseareedriveneto
self-
actualize,eandewhenethisedriveeiseinterferedewith,edysfunctionecaneresult.eExistentialistsebe
lieveethateabnormalebehaviorestemsefromehidingefromelife'seresponsibilitieseandeencourage
eindividualsetoeaccepteresponsibilityeforetheirelives eandetoerecognizeetheefreedometheyehavee
toeleadeaelifeetheyechooseewithegreateremeaningetoethem.
2. Theeadvantagesetoeusingepsychotropicedrugseaseparteofeaetreatmenteplaneareethatemedication
ehasegreatlyechangedetheeoutlookeforemanyepeopleewithedisordersewhoemayehaveehadenoeho
peeofetreatmenteinetheepast.ePeopleewitheillnesseselikeeschizophrenia,ewhichemayenotebeeres
ponsiveetoetherapyewithoutemedicationestabilization,eareenowebettereableetoefindetreatment,e
andeindividualsehaveegreaterehopeeofeaebetterequalityeofelifeeandesymptomemanagement.eA
nothereadvantageetoemedicationeisethateoftenetheemedicationseworkequicklyetoebringesympt
omereliefewhileedeepereandemoreecomplexeissueseareebeingetargetedeinetalketherapy.eThisehe
lpseindividualsereturnetoemeaningfuleworkesoonereandehaveeimprovedefunctioningeoneaefast
eretimeline.
Thereeareealsoedisadvantagesetoepsychotropicemedications.eTheetextereportsethatemanyepeop
leebelieveethatemedicationseareeoverusedeandethatetheyedoenotehelpeeveryone.eThoseewhoearee
prescribedemedicationsemightehaveebeenebesteservedeinetheelongetermewithetherapeuticeinter
ventions,eandeperhapsethoseenotehelpedebyemedicationsedoenoteseekeotherepsychotropicealter
natives.
Ideally,emedicationseareebesteusedeinecombinationewitheotheretypeseofetherapy.
3. Oneeadvantageetoepsychodynamicetherapyeisethatepsychologicaleconflict,eitsefocus,eiseaeco
mmoneexperience.eHowever,etheepsychodynamicemodelehasemanyeshortcomings.ePsycho
dynamicemodelsehaveereceivedelimitederesearchesupporteoveretheeyears,ealthoughesomeeres
earchesuggestsethatelong-
termepsychodynamicetherapyemayebeehelpfuleforepeopleewithelong-
termecomplexedisorderse(fromewhichemyefriendedoesenotesuffer).eThiseisealsoesomewhatene
gative.eInetheeageeofemanagedehealthecare,ewhoewouldepayeforesuchelong-
termecareeifeshorteremodelseofegreatereeffectivenessewereeavailable?
Theecognitiveemodelealsoehasebenefitseandedisadvantages.eOneedisadvantageeisethateitsebasi
cepremise—thatedysfunctionalethinkingedriveseabnormalefunctioning—
mayebeemisleading.eItemayebeethatedysfunctionalethinkingeisesimplyeaeresulteofetheeabnorma
lityeandenoteaeforceethatedriveseit.eOthersehaveearguedethatetheecognitiveemodeleisetooelimitin
geandethatehumanebeingseareemoreethanesimplyetheesumeofetheirethoughts.eHowever,eaneadva
ntageeofecognitiveetherapyeisethateitedoesehaveesignificanteresearchesupporteforeitseeffectiven
esseinetreatingeaevarietyeofeafflictions.
IfeIehadeaefriendewhoeneededetreatmenteforedepression,eIewouldelooketoetheetherapyethateha
sebeeneprovenescientificallyetoebenefitemyefriend'separticularedisorder.eTheecognitiveemo
delehasebeeneproveneveryeeffectiveeforetreatingedepression.
4. Theebehavioralemodelewouldeexplainetheeacquisitioneofeaneabnormalefeareofedogseineaen
umbereofeways.eTheefirstewayeisethroughemodeling.eInemodeling,eindividualselearn
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responsesesimplyebyeobservingeothereindividualseanderepeatingetheirebehaviors.eSo,eforeexa
mple,eifeaeparentewaseafraideofedogseandewalkingewithetheechildeinetheepark,etheechildewoulde
watcheasetheeparenterecoilseinefeareofeaneoncomingeoff-
leashedogeandelatererepeatetheeparent'sebehavior.
Anotherewayeinewhichetheebehavioralemodelewouldeexplainetheeacquisitioneofetheefeareiseth
rougheclassicaleconditioning.eSo,eforeexample,eeveneifeaedogebeganeaseaeneutralestimulus,eif
etheedogebarkseloudlyeinetheefaceeofeaeperson,etheepersonemayebeginetoehaveeaestartleerespons
eeeveryetimeeheeoresheeencountersetheedogebecauseethateneutralestimulusebecomeseaeconditi
onedeone.
Inethisesituation,etheeclassicaleconditioningemightebestebeechartedeinethiseway:eN
Se=eNeutraleStimuli
USe=eUnconditionedeStimulieC
Se=eConditionedeStimuli
URe=eUnconditionedeResponseeC
Re=eConditionedeResponse
So:eNSe(dog)epairedewitheUSe(barking)e=eURe(startleeresponse).
Aftererepeatedepairings,eNSebecomeeCS:eCSe(Dog)e=eCRe(startleeresponse).
5. Inegroupetherapyeaetherapistemeetsewitheaegroupeofeclientsewhoeallehaveesimilareproblems.eT
heememberseofetheegroupeshareeproblemseandeinsights,ebuildeskills,eandedevelopefeelingseofe
self-
worth.eAneexampleeofeaegroupetherapyemeetingemightebeeaetherapistewhoeiseleadingeae"depr
essionegroup."eInethisegroup,ealletheemembersewouldebeestrugglingewithedepression,eandeso
meemayebeeatedifferentepointseofechallengeeoreeffectiveecoping.eIteiseassumedethatetheetherap
istewouldehelpetoeleadetheeclientseineeffectiveecoping,eencourageethemetoeshareeinsightseande
strategies,eandehelpetoefacilitateetheegroupeasewelleaseoffereguidanceeforetreatment.
Inefamilyetherapy,eaetherapistemeetsewitheallememberseofetheefamilyetogether,epointseoutepro
blemebehaviorseandeinteractions,eandehelpsetheewholeefamilyetoechange.eTheeentireefamilyeis
eseeneasetheeuniteforetreatment,eeveneifeonlyeoneememberehaseaeformalediagnosis.eOneeexampl
eemighteinvolveeaetherapistemeetingewitheaeclient—whoeisestrugglingewitheschizophrenia—
andehisefamily.eHisefamilyepersistentlyecallsehime"lazy"ebecauseeheeiseunableetoework.eTheeth
erapistemighteeducateetheefamilyeaboutetheeillnessebutealsoediscussemoreehelpfuleinteractions
,eproblemebehaviors,eandewayseinewhichetheefamilyecouldefunctionebettereaseaeunit.
Inecoupleetherapye(sometimesecallede"maritaletherapy,"ealthougheitecanebeeforeunmarriedec
ouples,esame-
sexecouples,eetc.),eaetherapisteworksewithetwoeindividualsewhoeareeineaerelationship,eoftenef
ocusingeonetheecommunicationepatternsewithinetheedynamic.eIneoneeexample,esayethateSa
mueleandehisepartnereToddeareestrugglingewithewhethereorenotetoehaveeaechild,eandetheyearee
currentlyenotespeaking.eBotheindividualsemighteconsulteaecouplesetherapistetoeimproveeco
mmunicationepatterns,emoreeeffectivelyeaddresseproblems,eandemoveeaheadewithebetterestr
ategieseforehandlingestressorseinetheefuture.
6. Communityementalehealthewasecreatedetoeprovideeprogramsetoealloweclients,eparticularlyet
hoseewithesevereementalehealtheissues,etoereceiveetreatmenteinefamiliare(andelocal)esurroun
dings.eAekeyecomponenteofecommunityementalehealtheiseprevention,ewhicheinvolveseclinic
iansereachingeouteintoetheecommunityeratherethanewaitingeforeclientsetoecomeetoethem.eCom
munityementalehealtheadvocateseaccomplishepreventioneinethreeecomponentseofeprimary,es
econdary,eandetertiaryeprevention,ealleofewhicheattempteto
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1. Discussehowetheehumanistic-
existentialemodeleandetheebiologicalemodelediffereinetheireunderstandingeofecauseseofeab
normality.
2. Whateareesomeeadvantageseandedisadvantageseofeusingedrugseinepsychotherapy?
3. Ifeaefriendeofeyourseneededetreatmenteforedepression,ewhatewouldebeeadvantageseandedi
sadvantageseofeyourefriendereceivingeeitherepsychodynamicetherapyeorecognitiveether
apy?eWhicheofetheseealternativesewouldeyouerecommendetoeyourefriend?
4. Howewouldetheebehavioralemodeleexplainehoweaepersoneacquiredeaneabnormalefeareofed
ogs?
5. Describeegroupetherapy,efamilyetherapy,eandecoupleetherapy.eDiscussewhateeacheentailsea
ndegiveeaneexampleeforeeach.
6. Oneeuniqueeparteofetheesocioculturalemodeleisethee"communityetreatment"easpect,eaekeyeco
mponenteofewhicheiseprevention.eHowedoecommunityetreatmenteadvocateseaccomplishepre
vention?
7. Defineeprimary,esecondary,eandetertiaryeprevention.eProvideeaneexampleeofeeach.
8. Discussetheereasonsethateculture-
sensitiveetherapyearoseeandetheechallengeseiteseeksetoeaddress.
9. Describeetheeoriginseofeabnormalityeaccordingetoeanyethreeeofetheseemodels:esociocultural
,epsychodynamic,ebehavioral,ecognitive,ehumanistic-existential,ebiological.
10. Explainetheebiopsychosocialeapproachetoeunderstandingetheecauseseofeabnormality.eProvi
deeaneexampleeofehowethiseapproachemightebeeappliedetoetheecauseseofedepression.
11. Manyeclinicianseviewetheireapproachease"eclectic."eWhateiseaneeclecticeapproachetoeab
normality?eDescribeeateleasteoneeexampleeofeaneeclecticeapproachetoeabnormality.
12. First,edefineenutraceuticals.eThenecompareethemewitheconventionalemedications.
Pagee1
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13. Explainetheethreeecentraleforcesethateshapeepersonality,eaccordingetoeFreud.
14. Explainehowecognitiveetheoristseexplaineabnormalebehavior.
15. Compareeandecontrastetheedifferenteformseofecybertherapy.
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Answer Key
e
1. Biologicaletheoristseadopteaemedicaleperspectiveeandebelieveethateabnormalebehavioreiseth
eeresulteofephysicalemalfunctioning.eTheoristseofethiseperspectiveeoftenefocuseonebraineana
tomy,ebrainechemistry,egenetics,ehormones,eoreotherephysiologicalemalfunctions.e Theehu
manistic-existentialemodelebelievesethatedysfunctioneisetheeresulteofeself-
deceiteoretheeavoidanceeoferesponsibility.eHumanistsebelieveethatehumanseareedriveneto
self-
actualize,eandewhenethisedriveeiseinterferedewith,edysfunctionecaneresult.eExistentialistsebe
lieveethateabnormalebehaviorestemsefromehidingefromelife'seresponsibilitieseandeencourage
eindividualsetoeaccepteresponsibilityeforetheirelives eandetoerecognizeetheefreedometheyehavee
toeleadeaelifeetheyechooseewithegreateremeaningetoethem.
2. Theeadvantagesetoeusingepsychotropicedrugseaseparteofeaetreatmenteplaneareethatemedication
ehasegreatlyechangedetheeoutlookeforemanyepeopleewithedisordersewhoemayehaveehadenoeho
peeofetreatmenteinetheepast.ePeopleewitheillnesseselikeeschizophrenia,ewhichemayenotebeeres
ponsiveetoetherapyewithoutemedicationestabilization,eareenowebettereableetoefindetreatment,e
andeindividualsehaveegreaterehopeeofeaebetterequalityeofelifeeandesymptomemanagement.eA
nothereadvantageetoemedicationeisethateoftenetheemedicationseworkequicklyetoebringesympt
omereliefewhileedeepereandemoreecomplexeissueseareebeingetargetedeinetalketherapy.eThisehe
lpseindividualsereturnetoemeaningfuleworkesoonereandehaveeimprovedefunctioningeoneaefast
eretimeline.
Thereeareealsoedisadvantagesetoepsychotropicemedications.eTheetextereportsethatemanyepeop
leebelieveethatemedicationseareeoverusedeandethatetheyedoenotehelpeeveryone.eThoseewhoearee
prescribedemedicationsemightehaveebeenebesteservedeinetheelongetermewithetherapeuticeinter
ventions,eandeperhapsethoseenotehelpedebyemedicationsedoenoteseekeotherepsychotropicealter
natives.
Ideally,emedicationseareebesteusedeinecombinationewitheotheretypeseofetherapy.
3. Oneeadvantageetoepsychodynamicetherapyeisethatepsychologicaleconflict,eitsefocus,eiseaeco
mmoneexperience.eHowever,etheepsychodynamicemodelehasemanyeshortcomings.ePsycho
dynamicemodelsehaveereceivedelimitederesearchesupporteoveretheeyears,ealthoughesomeeres
earchesuggestsethatelong-
termepsychodynamicetherapyemayebeehelpfuleforepeopleewithelong-
termecomplexedisorderse(fromewhichemyefriendedoesenotesuffer).eThiseisealsoesomewhatene
gative.eInetheeageeofemanagedehealthecare,ewhoewouldepayeforesuchelong-
termecareeifeshorteremodelseofegreatereeffectivenessewereeavailable?
Theecognitiveemodelealsoehasebenefitseandedisadvantages.eOneedisadvantageeisethateitsebasi
cepremise—thatedysfunctionalethinkingedriveseabnormalefunctioning—
mayebeemisleading.eItemayebeethatedysfunctionalethinkingeisesimplyeaeresulteofetheeabnorma
lityeandenoteaeforceethatedriveseit.eOthersehaveearguedethatetheecognitiveemodeleisetooelimitin
geandethatehumanebeingseareemoreethanesimplyetheesumeofetheirethoughts.eHowever,eaneadva
ntageeofecognitiveetherapyeisethateitedoesehaveesignificanteresearchesupporteforeitseeffectiven
esseinetreatingeaevarietyeofeafflictions.
IfeIehadeaefriendewhoeneededetreatmenteforedepression,eIewouldelooketoetheetherapyethateha
sebeeneprovenescientificallyetoebenefitemyefriend'separticularedisorder.eTheecognitiveemo
delehasebeeneproveneveryeeffectiveeforetreatingedepression.
4. Theebehavioralemodelewouldeexplainetheeacquisitioneofeaneabnormalefeareofedogseineaen
umbereofeways.eTheefirstewayeisethroughemodeling.eInemodeling,eindividualselearn
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responsesesimplyebyeobservingeothereindividualseanderepeatingetheirebehaviors.eSo,eforeexa
mple,eifeaeparentewaseafraideofedogseandewalkingewithetheechildeinetheepark,etheechildewoulde
watcheasetheeparenterecoilseinefeareofeaneoncomingeoff-
leashedogeandelatererepeatetheeparent'sebehavior.
Anotherewayeinewhichetheebehavioralemodelewouldeexplainetheeacquisitioneofetheefeareiseth
rougheclassicaleconditioning.eSo,eforeexample,eeveneifeaedogebeganeaseaeneutralestimulus,eif
etheedogebarkseloudlyeinetheefaceeofeaeperson,etheepersonemayebeginetoehaveeaestartleerespons
eeeveryetimeeheeoresheeencountersetheedogebecauseethateneutralestimulusebecomeseaeconditi
onedeone.
Inethisesituation,etheeclassicaleconditioningemightebestebeechartedeinethiseway:eN
Se=eNeutraleStimuli
USe=eUnconditionedeStimulieC
Se=eConditionedeStimuli
URe=eUnconditionedeResponseeC
Re=eConditionedeResponse
So:eNSe(dog)epairedewitheUSe(barking)e=eURe(startleeresponse).
Aftererepeatedepairings,eNSebecomeeCS:eCSe(Dog)e=eCRe(startleeresponse).
5. Inegroupetherapyeaetherapistemeetsewitheaegroupeofeclientsewhoeallehaveesimilareproblems.eT
heememberseofetheegroupeshareeproblemseandeinsights,ebuildeskills,eandedevelopefeelingseofe
self-
worth.eAneexampleeofeaegroupetherapyemeetingemightebeeaetherapistewhoeiseleadingeae"depr
essionegroup."eInethisegroup,ealletheemembersewouldebeestrugglingewithedepression,eandeso
meemayebeeatedifferentepointseofechallengeeoreeffectiveecoping.eIteiseassumedethatetheetherap
istewouldehelpetoeleadetheeclientseineeffectiveecoping,eencourageethemetoeshareeinsightseande
strategies,eandehelpetoefacilitateetheegroupeasewelleaseoffereguidanceeforetreatment.
Inefamilyetherapy,eaetherapistemeetsewitheallememberseofetheefamilyetogether,epointseoutepro
blemebehaviorseandeinteractions,eandehelpsetheewholeefamilyetoechange.eTheeentireefamilyeis
eseeneasetheeuniteforetreatment,eeveneifeonlyeoneememberehaseaeformalediagnosis.eOneeexampl
eemighteinvolveeaetherapistemeetingewitheaeclient—whoeisestrugglingewitheschizophrenia—
andehisefamily.eHisefamilyepersistentlyecallsehime"lazy"ebecauseeheeiseunableetoework.eTheeth
erapistemighteeducateetheefamilyeaboutetheeillnessebutealsoediscussemoreehelpfuleinteractions
,eproblemebehaviors,eandewayseinewhichetheefamilyecouldefunctionebettereaseaeunit.
Inecoupleetherapye(sometimesecallede"maritaletherapy,"ealthougheitecanebeeforeunmarriedec
ouples,esame-
sexecouples,eetc.),eaetherapisteworksewithetwoeindividualsewhoeareeineaerelationship,eoftenef
ocusingeonetheecommunicationepatternsewithinetheedynamic.eIneoneeexample,esayethateSa
mueleandehisepartnereToddeareestrugglingewithewhethereorenotetoehaveeaechild,eandetheyearee
currentlyenotespeaking.eBotheindividualsemighteconsulteaecouplesetherapistetoeimproveeco
mmunicationepatterns,emoreeeffectivelyeaddresseproblems,eandemoveeaheadewithebetterestr
ategieseforehandlingestressorseinetheefuture.
6. Communityementalehealthewasecreatedetoeprovideeprogramsetoealloweclients,eparticularlyet
hoseewithesevereementalehealtheissues,etoereceiveetreatmenteinefamiliare(andelocal)esurroun
dings.eAekeyecomponenteofecommunityementalehealtheiseprevention,ewhicheinvolveseclinic
iansereachingeouteintoetheecommunityeratherethanewaitingeforeclientsetoecomeetoethem.eCom
munityementalehealtheadvocateseaccomplishepreventioneinethreeecomponentseofeprimary,es
econdary,eandetertiaryeprevention,ealleofewhicheattempteto
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