Human Body in Health and Illness 7th &
Chapter 1-27 | Complete Guide A+ Verified(best
answers)
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Cellular Junction
Where cells are connected to each other, often involving glycoproteins.
Aquaporins
Transmembrane protein channels that facilitate the passive transport of water.
Enzymes
Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
Substrate
The substance on which an enzyme acts, fitting into the enzyme's active site.
Activation Energy
The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
Environmental Factors Affecting Enzymes
Factors like substrate concentration can influence the rate of enzymatic reactions.
Enzyme concentration
Higher concentration increase speed of rxn until a certain point.
Optimal temperature for human enzymes
37C.
Optimal temperature for thermophilic bacteria
75C.
pH
Enzymes denatured in different environmental conditions.
Cofactors
Control activity and enable enzymes to work.
Coenzyme
Organic cofactors made by carbon.
, Inhibitors
Stop action of enzymes.
Competitive inhibitors
Block active site of enzyme.
Noncompetitive inhibitors
Bonds elsewhere but affects shape of enzyme active sites.
Cellular respiration
Solar energy -> photosynthesis -> glucose (chemical energy) -> cellular respiration -> ATP (usable
energy).
ADP vs ATP
ADP = 2 phosphate, ATP = three phosphate.
Phosphorylation
Add phosphate.
Hydrolysis
Breakdown of water; hydrolysis of ATP releases energy.
Glycolysis
Break down of glucose.
Location of glycolysis
Happens in the cytoplasm.
Reactants needed for glycolysis
Glucose, 2 ADP, 2 phosphate groups, 2 NAD+.
Products of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH.
Pyruvate oxidation location
Mitochondrial matrix.
Reactants of pyruvate oxidation
Pyruvate, Co-A, NAD+.
Products of pyruvate oxidation
NADH, CO2, Acetyl CoA.
Chapter 1-27 | Complete Guide A+ Verified(best
answers)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Cellular Junction
Where cells are connected to each other, often involving glycoproteins.
Aquaporins
Transmembrane protein channels that facilitate the passive transport of water.
Enzymes
Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
Substrate
The substance on which an enzyme acts, fitting into the enzyme's active site.
Activation Energy
The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
Environmental Factors Affecting Enzymes
Factors like substrate concentration can influence the rate of enzymatic reactions.
Enzyme concentration
Higher concentration increase speed of rxn until a certain point.
Optimal temperature for human enzymes
37C.
Optimal temperature for thermophilic bacteria
75C.
pH
Enzymes denatured in different environmental conditions.
Cofactors
Control activity and enable enzymes to work.
Coenzyme
Organic cofactors made by carbon.
, Inhibitors
Stop action of enzymes.
Competitive inhibitors
Block active site of enzyme.
Noncompetitive inhibitors
Bonds elsewhere but affects shape of enzyme active sites.
Cellular respiration
Solar energy -> photosynthesis -> glucose (chemical energy) -> cellular respiration -> ATP (usable
energy).
ADP vs ATP
ADP = 2 phosphate, ATP = three phosphate.
Phosphorylation
Add phosphate.
Hydrolysis
Breakdown of water; hydrolysis of ATP releases energy.
Glycolysis
Break down of glucose.
Location of glycolysis
Happens in the cytoplasm.
Reactants needed for glycolysis
Glucose, 2 ADP, 2 phosphate groups, 2 NAD+.
Products of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH.
Pyruvate oxidation location
Mitochondrial matrix.
Reactants of pyruvate oxidation
Pyruvate, Co-A, NAD+.
Products of pyruvate oxidation
NADH, CO2, Acetyl CoA.
