NR507- MIDTERM ADVANCED PATHO-
CARDIAC, PULMONARY, HEMATOLOGY,
RENAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
acute bronchitis - Answer-infection and inflammation of bronchial tubes (bronchi)
chronic bronchitis - Answer-inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time
3 or more months at least 2 years
Acid/ base disturbance- COPD - Answer-chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.
Causes air trapping. Increasing CO2 retention and respiratory acidosis.
Perfusion - Answer-The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the
delivery of blood to an area.
Blood flow of heart - Answer-Enters the right side inferior/superior vena cava- emptying
deoxygenated blood to right atrium- right ventricle, through tricuspid valve, pulmonary
valve, pulmonary artery to lungs (where it is oxygenated). Pulmonary vein empties
oxygen rich blood to left atrium/ left ventricle, through mitral valve, aortic valve, aorta----
>to the body.
bronchioles function - Answer-passage of air to alveoli- gas exchange
polycythemia vera - Answer-condition characterized by too many erythrocytes; blood
becomes too thick to flow easily through blood vessels. Blood clots can lead to stroke
and heart attack. Gene mutation in the protein janus kinase 2.
stroke volume - Answer-The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.
Determined by: preload/ afterload/ contractility
cor pulmonale - Answer-right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease. can
be caused by long term pulmonary hypertension
Causes of heart failure - Answer-"MI, afib, infection, shock/trauma, thyroid disease, PE,
excess salt, medication noncompliance, beta blockers, NSAIDs"
Over time, reduces contractility
right sided heart failure - Answer-1. Jungular Vein Distention
2. Ascending Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. Hepatomegaly (Liver Enlargement)
, Left sided heart failure symptoms - Answer--Left = lungs (and heart)
-Crackles, increased HR, SOB, palpitations, dizzy, lightheaded, confused, restless,
cough, dyspnea
Hypertension - Answer-consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure,
increases in cardiac output or total peripheral resistance or both. CO is increased by
any condition that increases HR or SV, whereas peripheral resistance is increased by
any factor that increases blood viscosity or reduces vessel diameter (vasoconstriction)
primary hypertension - Answer-Essential or idiopathic hypertension
Genetic and environmental factors
Affects 92% to 95% of individuals with hypertension
secondary hypertension - Answer-high blood pressure caused by the effects of another
disease. Example (renal artery stenosis, kidney atrophy, increase in plasma renin)
calcium binding - Answer-Binding of calcium to subunit of troponin
Induces conformation change in troponin
Troponin-tropomyosin complex moved
Myosin binding sites of actin exposed
Troponin - Answer-regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium.
Integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but not smooth
muscle
Cardiac Output (CO) - Answer-volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute
CO= HRx SV
factors that affect cardiac output - Answer-preload
after-load
heart rate
myocardial contractility
Ejection Fraction (EF) - Answer-calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with
one contraction
SV / EDV
55-70% of ventricular blood ejected/ systole
cardiac contractility (inotropic) - Answer-Force generated at any given end diastolic
volume
Increased:
sympathetic stimulation (anxiety, increased thyroxine)
Decreased:
low ATP levels (inschemia, hypoxia, acidosis)
CARDIAC, PULMONARY, HEMATOLOGY,
RENAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
acute bronchitis - Answer-infection and inflammation of bronchial tubes (bronchi)
chronic bronchitis - Answer-inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time
3 or more months at least 2 years
Acid/ base disturbance- COPD - Answer-chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.
Causes air trapping. Increasing CO2 retention and respiratory acidosis.
Perfusion - Answer-The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the
delivery of blood to an area.
Blood flow of heart - Answer-Enters the right side inferior/superior vena cava- emptying
deoxygenated blood to right atrium- right ventricle, through tricuspid valve, pulmonary
valve, pulmonary artery to lungs (where it is oxygenated). Pulmonary vein empties
oxygen rich blood to left atrium/ left ventricle, through mitral valve, aortic valve, aorta----
>to the body.
bronchioles function - Answer-passage of air to alveoli- gas exchange
polycythemia vera - Answer-condition characterized by too many erythrocytes; blood
becomes too thick to flow easily through blood vessels. Blood clots can lead to stroke
and heart attack. Gene mutation in the protein janus kinase 2.
stroke volume - Answer-The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.
Determined by: preload/ afterload/ contractility
cor pulmonale - Answer-right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease. can
be caused by long term pulmonary hypertension
Causes of heart failure - Answer-"MI, afib, infection, shock/trauma, thyroid disease, PE,
excess salt, medication noncompliance, beta blockers, NSAIDs"
Over time, reduces contractility
right sided heart failure - Answer-1. Jungular Vein Distention
2. Ascending Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. Hepatomegaly (Liver Enlargement)
, Left sided heart failure symptoms - Answer--Left = lungs (and heart)
-Crackles, increased HR, SOB, palpitations, dizzy, lightheaded, confused, restless,
cough, dyspnea
Hypertension - Answer-consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure,
increases in cardiac output or total peripheral resistance or both. CO is increased by
any condition that increases HR or SV, whereas peripheral resistance is increased by
any factor that increases blood viscosity or reduces vessel diameter (vasoconstriction)
primary hypertension - Answer-Essential or idiopathic hypertension
Genetic and environmental factors
Affects 92% to 95% of individuals with hypertension
secondary hypertension - Answer-high blood pressure caused by the effects of another
disease. Example (renal artery stenosis, kidney atrophy, increase in plasma renin)
calcium binding - Answer-Binding of calcium to subunit of troponin
Induces conformation change in troponin
Troponin-tropomyosin complex moved
Myosin binding sites of actin exposed
Troponin - Answer-regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium.
Integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but not smooth
muscle
Cardiac Output (CO) - Answer-volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute
CO= HRx SV
factors that affect cardiac output - Answer-preload
after-load
heart rate
myocardial contractility
Ejection Fraction (EF) - Answer-calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with
one contraction
SV / EDV
55-70% of ventricular blood ejected/ systole
cardiac contractility (inotropic) - Answer-Force generated at any given end diastolic
volume
Increased:
sympathetic stimulation (anxiety, increased thyroxine)
Decreased:
low ATP levels (inschemia, hypoxia, acidosis)
