NR 507 WEEK 8 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
testicular cancer - Answer-malignant tumor in one or both testicles commonly
developing from the germ cells that produce sperm; classified in two groups according
to growth potential
conditions that increase risk of testicular cancer - Answer-- being a man between the
ages of 20-45
- cryptochidism (undescended testicle)
- family history
- previous testicle cancer
- white men are more likely
symptoms of breast cancer - Answer-change in the shape or appearance of your
breasts, skin or nipple changes such as dimpling of the skin, Squeeze each nipple
gently to identify any discharge, chest pain (mets to the lung)
signs of premenstrual dysphoric disorder - Answer-physical - breast tenderness,
abdominal bloating, headache and swelling of extremities
emotional - depression anger, irritability and fatigue
resolve with menstruation
causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding - Answer-can be due to structural (polyp,
malignancies and hyperplasia) or non structural causes (coagulopathy, ovulatory
dysfuction, endometrial
treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding - Answer-- NSAIDS
(reduce prostaglandin, causes vasoconstriction, and decreased menstrual bleeding)
- Oral contraceptives
- Depo provera
- Levonorgestrel intrauterine device
Pathophysiology of prostate cancer - Answer-- more than 90% of all cancer arising from
the *prostate are adenocarcinomas (glandular tissue)*
- tumor becomes clinically relevant when local invasion or distant metastasis
-- starts with genetic mutation of luminal or basal cell
- RF are old age, obesity and high fat low fiber diet
Treatment of prostate cancer - Answer-chemotherapy, radiation, hormones,
prostatectomy
, HPV and the development of cervical cancer - Answer-HPV is a necessary precursor to
development of cervical dysplasia which is a necessary step for the cell changes
leading to cervical cancer
- multiple sex partners, smoking, long history of oral contraceptive use use of vaginal
douches and immunocompromised are at higher risk as well
body's process for adapting to high hormone levels - Answer-negative feedback system
occurs telling the endocrine system to stop secreting hormones because there are
enough hormones in the bloodstream
Cushing's syndrome - Answer-- a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high
levels of cortisol
- adrenal glands secrete cortisol
- severe muscle bone and skin breakdown
- elevated blood glucose levels and high insulin levels
- central obesity
- amplify catecholamines on blood vessels and causes high blood pressure
- inhibit gonadotropin releasing homone messing up ovarian and testicle function
- dampens inflammatory and immune response
- caused by medications (steroids)
- excess ACTH by benign pituitary adenoma (cushings disease)
Causes of hypoparathyroidism - Answer-Autoimmune damage to parathyroids, surgical
excision, DiGeorge syndrome
DiGeorge Syndrome - Answer-failure 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouches to develop; T cell
deficiency; absent thymus
lab results that indicate primary hypothyroidism - Answer-occurs from thyroid
dysfunction
- increased level of TSH
- low free T4
pathophysiology of thyroid storm - Answer-- autoimmune disease where b-cells produce
antibodies against thyroid proteins
- create a hypermetabolic state due to too much thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
- effect of excess thyroid hormone is magnified due to more unbound thyroid hormone,
tissues becoming more sensitive to the thyroid hormone, or body being more sensitive
to catecholamines activating the sympathetic nervous system
Signs of thyrotoxicosis - Answer-- fever
- agitation confusion seizures and coma
- cardiac arrhythmias and high output cardiac failure
Dermatomes - Answer-area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal
nerve
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
testicular cancer - Answer-malignant tumor in one or both testicles commonly
developing from the germ cells that produce sperm; classified in two groups according
to growth potential
conditions that increase risk of testicular cancer - Answer-- being a man between the
ages of 20-45
- cryptochidism (undescended testicle)
- family history
- previous testicle cancer
- white men are more likely
symptoms of breast cancer - Answer-change in the shape or appearance of your
breasts, skin or nipple changes such as dimpling of the skin, Squeeze each nipple
gently to identify any discharge, chest pain (mets to the lung)
signs of premenstrual dysphoric disorder - Answer-physical - breast tenderness,
abdominal bloating, headache and swelling of extremities
emotional - depression anger, irritability and fatigue
resolve with menstruation
causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding - Answer-can be due to structural (polyp,
malignancies and hyperplasia) or non structural causes (coagulopathy, ovulatory
dysfuction, endometrial
treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding - Answer-- NSAIDS
(reduce prostaglandin, causes vasoconstriction, and decreased menstrual bleeding)
- Oral contraceptives
- Depo provera
- Levonorgestrel intrauterine device
Pathophysiology of prostate cancer - Answer-- more than 90% of all cancer arising from
the *prostate are adenocarcinomas (glandular tissue)*
- tumor becomes clinically relevant when local invasion or distant metastasis
-- starts with genetic mutation of luminal or basal cell
- RF are old age, obesity and high fat low fiber diet
Treatment of prostate cancer - Answer-chemotherapy, radiation, hormones,
prostatectomy
, HPV and the development of cervical cancer - Answer-HPV is a necessary precursor to
development of cervical dysplasia which is a necessary step for the cell changes
leading to cervical cancer
- multiple sex partners, smoking, long history of oral contraceptive use use of vaginal
douches and immunocompromised are at higher risk as well
body's process for adapting to high hormone levels - Answer-negative feedback system
occurs telling the endocrine system to stop secreting hormones because there are
enough hormones in the bloodstream
Cushing's syndrome - Answer-- a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high
levels of cortisol
- adrenal glands secrete cortisol
- severe muscle bone and skin breakdown
- elevated blood glucose levels and high insulin levels
- central obesity
- amplify catecholamines on blood vessels and causes high blood pressure
- inhibit gonadotropin releasing homone messing up ovarian and testicle function
- dampens inflammatory and immune response
- caused by medications (steroids)
- excess ACTH by benign pituitary adenoma (cushings disease)
Causes of hypoparathyroidism - Answer-Autoimmune damage to parathyroids, surgical
excision, DiGeorge syndrome
DiGeorge Syndrome - Answer-failure 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouches to develop; T cell
deficiency; absent thymus
lab results that indicate primary hypothyroidism - Answer-occurs from thyroid
dysfunction
- increased level of TSH
- low free T4
pathophysiology of thyroid storm - Answer-- autoimmune disease where b-cells produce
antibodies against thyroid proteins
- create a hypermetabolic state due to too much thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
- effect of excess thyroid hormone is magnified due to more unbound thyroid hormone,
tissues becoming more sensitive to the thyroid hormone, or body being more sensitive
to catecholamines activating the sympathetic nervous system
Signs of thyrotoxicosis - Answer-- fever
- agitation confusion seizures and coma
- cardiac arrhythmias and high output cardiac failure
Dermatomes - Answer-area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal
nerve
