NR 507 PATHOPHYSIOLGY MIDTERM
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Where are inflammatory cells activated in chronic bronchitis? - Answer-Lamina propria
What plays a significant role in chronic brnonchitis development? - Answer-Lamina
propria
What is a long term effect of COPD? (Blood) - Answer-Secondary polycythemia
S/S in polycythemia secondary to COPD - Answer-Increased HCT by RBC
compensation, can lead to blood clot
What is a long term effect of COPD? (lungs) - Answer-Alveolar hyperinflation,
decreased ability to exhale, air trapping
Where is erythropoietin produced? - Answer-Kidneys
Where is angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) produced? - Answer-Lungs
Where is angiotensinogen synthesized? - Answer-Liver
What is the role of ACE? - Answer-Activate angiotensin I to form angiotensin II
What is the most important component of filtration? - Answer-Blood (hydrostatic)
pressure
Define reabsorption - Answer-Movement of content from glomerular filtrate to blood
Define excretion - Answer-Elimination from the body
Define secretion - Answer-Movement of contents from blood to the nephron
Define glomerularnephritis - Answer-Decreased GFR causes increased BUN and
creatinine
Acute renal failure is ___ - Answer-Reversible
Most common cause of ARF? - Answer-Pre-renal
Causes of pre-renal failure (5) - Answer-Volume depletion, polyuria from DM, v+d, fluid
loss from burn or hemorrhage, hypoperfusion
, Causes of pre-renal hypoperfusion - Answer-Decreased CO from HF or MI,
atherosclerosis
Pathophysiology of pre-renal failure - Answer-Decreased blood to glomerulus,
decreased GFR, decreased renal blood flow = activation of RAA
Cause of intra-renal failure - Answer-Damage to kidney (glomerulus, tubules,
interstitium, or vasculature)
Most common cause of intra-renal failure - Answer-ATN-ischemia, toxins
Pathophysiology of intra-renal failure - Answer-Injury causes loss of function, decreased
tubule reabsorption, increased sodium and h2o excretion
Cause of post-renal failure - Answer-Obstruction in collecting duct, ureter, bladder or
urethra
What can cause post-renal failure? (6) - Answer-Stones, calculi, strictures, BPH, tumor,
neurogenic bladder
Define contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) - Answer-Injury from contrast administration,
3rd most common hospital-acquired ARI
Who is at risk for developing CIN? - Answer-DM, CKD
Define chronic kidney disease (CKD) - Answer-Long-term permanent decline in renal
function
___ is used to determine stage of CKD - Answer-GFR
CKD can be caused by ___ and ___ factors - Answer-Intrinsic (glomerulonephritis),
extrinsic (DM)
___ and ___ are the primary causes of ESRD - Answer-DM and HTN
Normal GFR - Answer-125 mL/min
Define RIFLE - Answer-Risk (90-120), injury (60-89), failure (30-59), loss (15-29), end
(<15)
Define viscoureteral reflux - Answer-Retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureters
RBCs lack ___ and ___ - Answer-Endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus
Average RBC lifespan - Answer-120 days, 3-4 months
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Where are inflammatory cells activated in chronic bronchitis? - Answer-Lamina propria
What plays a significant role in chronic brnonchitis development? - Answer-Lamina
propria
What is a long term effect of COPD? (Blood) - Answer-Secondary polycythemia
S/S in polycythemia secondary to COPD - Answer-Increased HCT by RBC
compensation, can lead to blood clot
What is a long term effect of COPD? (lungs) - Answer-Alveolar hyperinflation,
decreased ability to exhale, air trapping
Where is erythropoietin produced? - Answer-Kidneys
Where is angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) produced? - Answer-Lungs
Where is angiotensinogen synthesized? - Answer-Liver
What is the role of ACE? - Answer-Activate angiotensin I to form angiotensin II
What is the most important component of filtration? - Answer-Blood (hydrostatic)
pressure
Define reabsorption - Answer-Movement of content from glomerular filtrate to blood
Define excretion - Answer-Elimination from the body
Define secretion - Answer-Movement of contents from blood to the nephron
Define glomerularnephritis - Answer-Decreased GFR causes increased BUN and
creatinine
Acute renal failure is ___ - Answer-Reversible
Most common cause of ARF? - Answer-Pre-renal
Causes of pre-renal failure (5) - Answer-Volume depletion, polyuria from DM, v+d, fluid
loss from burn or hemorrhage, hypoperfusion
, Causes of pre-renal hypoperfusion - Answer-Decreased CO from HF or MI,
atherosclerosis
Pathophysiology of pre-renal failure - Answer-Decreased blood to glomerulus,
decreased GFR, decreased renal blood flow = activation of RAA
Cause of intra-renal failure - Answer-Damage to kidney (glomerulus, tubules,
interstitium, or vasculature)
Most common cause of intra-renal failure - Answer-ATN-ischemia, toxins
Pathophysiology of intra-renal failure - Answer-Injury causes loss of function, decreased
tubule reabsorption, increased sodium and h2o excretion
Cause of post-renal failure - Answer-Obstruction in collecting duct, ureter, bladder or
urethra
What can cause post-renal failure? (6) - Answer-Stones, calculi, strictures, BPH, tumor,
neurogenic bladder
Define contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) - Answer-Injury from contrast administration,
3rd most common hospital-acquired ARI
Who is at risk for developing CIN? - Answer-DM, CKD
Define chronic kidney disease (CKD) - Answer-Long-term permanent decline in renal
function
___ is used to determine stage of CKD - Answer-GFR
CKD can be caused by ___ and ___ factors - Answer-Intrinsic (glomerulonephritis),
extrinsic (DM)
___ and ___ are the primary causes of ESRD - Answer-DM and HTN
Normal GFR - Answer-125 mL/min
Define RIFLE - Answer-Risk (90-120), injury (60-89), failure (30-59), loss (15-29), end
(<15)
Define viscoureteral reflux - Answer-Retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureters
RBCs lack ___ and ___ - Answer-Endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus
Average RBC lifespan - Answer-120 days, 3-4 months
