Geography AQA GCSE PAPER 1
Natural Hazard - ANS -A natural hazard is a natural process which could cause death, injury or
disruption to humans, or destroy property or possessions.
Natural disaster - ANS -A natural hazard that has actually happened
Geological hazards - ANS -Caused by kand and tectonic processes
Meteorological hazards - ANS -Caused by weather and climate
Factors affecting hazard risk - ANS -Urbanisation, poverty, development, climate change
Tectonic plates - ANS -Slabs of the Earth's crust
Continental crust - ANS -thicker and less dense
Oceanic crust - ANS -thinner and more dense
Tectonic plate movement - ANS -caused by convection currents underneath the Earth's crust
Destructive plate - ANS -Two plates moving towards one another, oceanic plate subducts under
continental plate and friction causes melting of oceanic plate, triggers earthquake
Constructive plates - ANS -Two plates move apart, magma forces way along gap and causes
earthquake, erupted lava cools and forms volcano
Conservative plate - ANS -Two plates moving alongside, friction can send shockwaves causing
earthquakes
Earthquake causes - ANS -two plates 'jerking' past each other
the focus - ANS -the point in the Earth the earthquake starts
Epicentre - ANS -the point on the Earth' surface straight above the focus
Where are volcanoes found - ANS -At destructive and constructive plate marhgins
Where are earthquakes found - ANS -At all three types of plate margin
Earthquake Primary effects - ANS -buildings and bridges collapse
, people are injured or killed
Roads are destroyed
Earthquake Secondary effects - ANS -Can trigger landslides, tsunamis = destruction
homeless can die from the cold
Leaking gas can start fires
Earthquake Immediate responses - ANS -Rescue people trapped by collapsed buildings and
treat injured people
Recover dead bodies to prevent spread of disease
Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers, supplies , equipment or financial
donations to the areas affected
Earthquake Long term responses - ANS -Re-house people who have lost their homes
Repair or rebuild damaged buildings, roads, railways and bridges.
Reconnect broken electricity, water, gas, communication connections
Volcanoes Primary effects - ANS -Buildings and roads are destroyed by lava flows and
pyroclastic flows.
Buildings may also collapse if enough ash falls onto them.
People & animals are injured/killed by pyroclastic flows, lava,falling rocks
Volcanoes Secondary effects - ANS -Mudflows form when volcanic material is mixed with water
and landslides cause destruction, death & injury.
Tourism can be disrupted straight after and the eruption - but often it can increase afterwards
with tourists interested in seeing volcanoes
Ash makes fields more fertile once it's broken down
Volcanoes Immediate responses - ANS -Evacuate people before the eruption if it was predicted
or evacuate as soon as possible after direction starts
Provide temporary supplies of electricity gas and communication systems if regular supplies
have been damaged
Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers supplies equipment or financial
donations to areas affected
Volcanoes Long term responses - ANS -Repair and rebuild if possible or resettle affected
people elsewhere.
Repair and reconnect damaged infrastructure (roads, rail, power lines and communication
networks etc)
Improve, repair and update monitoring / evacuation plans
L'Aquila Italy HIC earthquake - ANS -On the 6th april 2009 a 6.3 earthquake struck L'aquila.
PE - Around 300 deaths mostly from collapsed buildings 1500 people were injured, 60,000
homeless.
Natural Hazard - ANS -A natural hazard is a natural process which could cause death, injury or
disruption to humans, or destroy property or possessions.
Natural disaster - ANS -A natural hazard that has actually happened
Geological hazards - ANS -Caused by kand and tectonic processes
Meteorological hazards - ANS -Caused by weather and climate
Factors affecting hazard risk - ANS -Urbanisation, poverty, development, climate change
Tectonic plates - ANS -Slabs of the Earth's crust
Continental crust - ANS -thicker and less dense
Oceanic crust - ANS -thinner and more dense
Tectonic plate movement - ANS -caused by convection currents underneath the Earth's crust
Destructive plate - ANS -Two plates moving towards one another, oceanic plate subducts under
continental plate and friction causes melting of oceanic plate, triggers earthquake
Constructive plates - ANS -Two plates move apart, magma forces way along gap and causes
earthquake, erupted lava cools and forms volcano
Conservative plate - ANS -Two plates moving alongside, friction can send shockwaves causing
earthquakes
Earthquake causes - ANS -two plates 'jerking' past each other
the focus - ANS -the point in the Earth the earthquake starts
Epicentre - ANS -the point on the Earth' surface straight above the focus
Where are volcanoes found - ANS -At destructive and constructive plate marhgins
Where are earthquakes found - ANS -At all three types of plate margin
Earthquake Primary effects - ANS -buildings and bridges collapse
, people are injured or killed
Roads are destroyed
Earthquake Secondary effects - ANS -Can trigger landslides, tsunamis = destruction
homeless can die from the cold
Leaking gas can start fires
Earthquake Immediate responses - ANS -Rescue people trapped by collapsed buildings and
treat injured people
Recover dead bodies to prevent spread of disease
Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers, supplies , equipment or financial
donations to the areas affected
Earthquake Long term responses - ANS -Re-house people who have lost their homes
Repair or rebuild damaged buildings, roads, railways and bridges.
Reconnect broken electricity, water, gas, communication connections
Volcanoes Primary effects - ANS -Buildings and roads are destroyed by lava flows and
pyroclastic flows.
Buildings may also collapse if enough ash falls onto them.
People & animals are injured/killed by pyroclastic flows, lava,falling rocks
Volcanoes Secondary effects - ANS -Mudflows form when volcanic material is mixed with water
and landslides cause destruction, death & injury.
Tourism can be disrupted straight after and the eruption - but often it can increase afterwards
with tourists interested in seeing volcanoes
Ash makes fields more fertile once it's broken down
Volcanoes Immediate responses - ANS -Evacuate people before the eruption if it was predicted
or evacuate as soon as possible after direction starts
Provide temporary supplies of electricity gas and communication systems if regular supplies
have been damaged
Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers supplies equipment or financial
donations to areas affected
Volcanoes Long term responses - ANS -Repair and rebuild if possible or resettle affected
people elsewhere.
Repair and reconnect damaged infrastructure (roads, rail, power lines and communication
networks etc)
Improve, repair and update monitoring / evacuation plans
L'Aquila Italy HIC earthquake - ANS -On the 6th april 2009 a 6.3 earthquake struck L'aquila.
PE - Around 300 deaths mostly from collapsed buildings 1500 people were injured, 60,000
homeless.
