Neuroanatomy Made Easy: A Summary of High Yield Topics

16th Day: when the neural to be is
c
I neurd
ectoderm BMP4, Wat induce
signals from
divisible into:cranio a
-




ectoderm
- mesode from mesoderm FGF-8 par
signals
&
-




* endoderm
↓
axial mesoderms
starts
to
growth factors secrets' basal Brain




Nochord
for nervolation:WNT, FGFS
re
-
Notochord:chordd dorsalis is axial mesoderm L or
S
Neurulation:formation Neural
of to be NEURAL
marginal
zone;axons
c
TUBE X zone
Intermediate
~
central
toderm overlying newly formed notochord thickens -
canal
plate
Neuralinduction I ventricular
to form neural -
15
--
zone:
ce

news delineation ectodermaland
-
of
-
folds ~


-Downstai Persists in adults
-

↓ now
neural
separates
to be
Cells lum
nerval groove - ↓ lining the

↓ >N-cadherin
↓
E-cadherin
estoderm
mesoderm

estoderm

Nerval to be


white matter:axons

Neural to be closes in Greymatter:cell bodies
a
zip-lock manner


Begins in middle (4thsomite proceedsin cranio-caudal directions

Fusion the
at ends delayed, and posterior neuroposes
neural
is
forming anterior
This allows tube communication amniotic cavity,
temporarily
to remain in with surrounding
neuropore incompleteformsoeasing
produce
Anterior neuropore closes:middle of4th week
spinaBifidapostinor
to
it




Posterior neuropore closes:end of4th week




↳N10
neural Forebrain region ->
An
B decrease
ofvitamin
to

solution:supplements
Tube disease.
Foldacid
# ↳ due folic-acid
to
receptor
expression in human
embryo




Brain J ectoderm originone
ve
CNS
neural tube
cells forming
cells neural tube PNS OF
X -




leaving
=




Forebris
(NC)




: ↑



PRIMARY
7
/




SECONDARY
cortex
Anterior region
anterior
=




endo
Telencephalon ->


Hypothalamoz
Diencephalon - Thalamovs,
Epithalamus Border isthms b
Midbrain/Hindbrain
mesencephalon -> Midbrain
1)

,CNS:Brain & Spinal cord




lotion
somatosensory

ano
women↑
7cerebellum
SECONDARY




=intension
scortex
Telencephalon




1
Diencephalon Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus
-




Viserosensory

mesencephalon -> Midbrain

cerebellow




Newal tube Neural c
crest


↓ ↓
CNS PNS

,Cells at the tip of neural folds =
Neural crest cells ( AKA 4ᵗʰ
germ layer )
they don't participate in neural tube formation .




Nccs are excluded from neural tube formation !
NCIS = Multipotent stem cells
Arise from dorsal neural tube


"-




neural ,




:¥z€eiv
← E-cadherin
- cadherin


•
☆•
-

/ ""
Pwd"
becomes PUP
/ nucleus
→



,,
,
mean

A
group of cells is forced to leave epithelial community
( undergo epithelial
→
mesenchymal transformation
( ENT )
)
↳
Regulated by snail -1

Snail -2

Sox gene

Once separation is
complete :




otnerpartsofbodyl.lt
to
PAX 3 :
migrate nevb
from
skin
white spots on
Abnormal
migration
=




E- MT
Neural tube , Neural crest
cells

NCC Migration Pathways
1 DORSOLATERAL
-

Melanocytes
-
Endothelin
factors : BMP 4 Wnt , 1=61--8
signalling ,



2 VENTROLATERAL Transcription factors : snail , Foxd }
-




sensory ganglia ( DRG )
Ectoderm

induct
3 VENTRAL
-




Sympathetic ggl .




'


Schwann cells
-

Adrenal medulla




CXCR 4- Heart Development
have a different
- that form

, PLACODES
stem cells
Arise from multipotent don'tbelong
classic
to

7
in the surface ectoderm.- -
skin actodom
=>
don't
integrate to
neural
cell
crest




organsers
↑pute
lineage

one to sensory
to




hearing
OticPlacode
Lens placode

Olfactorypattergore
Protundal/trigeminal placode
& trigeminal ggl.
opthalmic maxillomandibular parts
+




FGFs and Wrt, to
act induce placode formation



and
o interaction
btw.diencephalon
-


eye formation
lens
->
placode =