ANAT 200 Final Study Guide 2025
1. where is glandular tissue derived: embryologically from epithelium
2. glandular epithelium: specialized cells that synthesize, store, and secrete chem- ical substances
3. types of glands: exocrine and endocrine
4. exocrine gland: a gland that secretes its product into a duct, which ultimately carries the product to the surface of
the body or into a body cavity.
5. endocrine gland: a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream
6. examples of exocrine glands: sweat, mammary, salivary
7. examples of endocrine glands: thyroid, pituitary, adrenal
8. funtions of the endocrine system: integrates activities of organs and organ systems. functions with the nervous
system to maintain homeostasis
9. similarities between nerve cells and gland cells: 1) secrete chemical messen- gers that act of target cells
2) secrete hormones that enter the vascular system
3) releases similar substances that act as neurotransmitters, neaural hormones or classic hormones
10.what substances are secreted from both the nervous and endocrine sys- tems: dopamine, norepinephrine,
somatostatin
11.endocrine responses: act over a long duration and can affect many different tissues and organs simultaneously
12.hormone: a chemical messenger produced by endocrine cells that travel through the circulatory system
towards specific cells within a tissue
13.hormone actions: bind to specific cellular receptors in which their presence determines a cells response and
abundance determines sensitivity
14.endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, pineal, parathyroid, adrenal
15.endocrine tissues: pancreas, gonads, thymus, adipose, hypothalamus, heart, kidneys, digestive tract
16.anterior pituitary hormones: hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PrL, ACTH, MSH
17.hGH: human growth hormone. stimulates body growth and metabolism
18.TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone. controls thyroid gland function
19.FSH/LH: Follicle stimulating hormone/lutinizing hormone. controls secretion of sex hormones and production of
gametes
20.PrL: prolactin. stimulates milk production
21.ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone. controls hormone secretion by adrenal cortex
22.MSH: melanocyte stimulating hormone. stimulates melanin secretion
23.posterior pituitary hormones: vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin
, ANAT 200 Final Study Guide 2025
24.ADH: antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin). regulates concentration of urine and blood pressure
25.oxytocin: stimulates uterine muscle contraction during child birth and release of milk from mammary glands
26.hypothalamus and anterior pituitary: secretes releasing factors to act on cells of the anterior pituitary
27.hypothalamus and posterior pituitary: hormones of the posterior pituitary are produced in the supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
28.Feedback inhibition: the product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor acts as an inhibitor or the release
of an initial hormone
29.production of thyroid hormones: 1) follicle cells secrete hormone precursor thyroglobulin into follicle cavity
2) iodine is added to thyroglobulin
3) when stimulated by TSH, thyroglobulin is converted to T4 and T3
4) T3 and T4 is secreted into connective tissue
5) hormones are picked up by capillaries
6) hormones regulate metabolism
30.parafollicular cells: c-cells that produce calcitonin for calcium regulation
31.parathyroid glands: secrete parathyroid hormone for calcium regulation
32.T3 and T4: stimulate oxygen use, basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, growth and development
33.calcitonin: decrease calcium in body fluids, increase calcium in bone
34.parathyroid hormone: increase calcium in body fluids, decrease calcium in bone
35.adrenal cortex hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
36.mineralocorticoids: increase renal absorption of sodium and water, decrease renal absorption of potassium
37.glucocorticoids: stimulates protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism and acts as an anti-inflammatory
38.androgens: stimulates growth of axillary and public hair, and stimulates libido
39.adenal medulla hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine
40.epinephrine and norepinephrine: fight or flight, increase cardiac output, in- crease blood pressure, increase
blood glucose, and effect release of lipids from adipose tissue
41.pancreatic alpha cells: secrete glucagon
42.pancreatic beta cells: secretes insulin
43.pancreatic delta cells: secretes somatostatin
44.pancreatic hormones: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin
, ANAT 200 Final Study Guide 2025
45.glucagon: stimulates glucose synthesis, elevates blood glucose, mobilizes lipid reserves
46.insulin: stimulates lipid and glycogen synthesis/storage, stimulates glucose uptake, decreases blood glucose
levels
47.somatostatin: inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin
48. diabetes mellitus: inability to produce or use insulin leading to elevation of blood glucose levels and
excretion of glucose in urine
49.problems associated with diabetes mellitus: cardio vascular and vision
50.Type I diabetes mellitus: autoimmune disease that destroys insulin secretes cells leading to a reduction of
insulin levels.
51.type II diabetes mellitus: target cells become less sensitive to insulin due to down-regulation of receptors. can
initially be managed by diet, exercise and weight loss
52.pineal gland: secretes melatonin
53.thymus gland: produces T-lymphocytes and thymic hormones
54.functions of the respiratory system: gas exchange between atmosphere and blood, filtration, temp regulation and
humidification of inspired air, olfaction, sound production
55.upper respiratory system: 1) nose; external nares
2) nasal cavity; nasal vestibule, conchae, internal nares
3) pharynx; nasopharynx, eustachian tube, oropharynx, epiglottis, laryngopharynx
56.lower respiratory system: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
57.Conducting portion of the lung: primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, ter- tiary bronchi, bronchioles
58.respiratory portion of the lung: lobule
59.swallowing: 1) tongue forces compacted bolus into oropharynx and the soft palette lifts and tightens o seal off
nasopharynx
2) laryngeal movement seals the trachea and pharyngeal muscles contract to push bolus into esophagus
60.hilum: root of the lung where blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and airways enter and leave the lungs
61.lung lobes: left: superior and inferior right: superior,
middle, and inferior
62.lung fissures: left: oblique right:
oblique and horizontal
63.cartilage rings: c shaped rings around the trachea and primary bronchi that provides structure. the open end is
joined by smooth muscle to allow expansion when a large bolus
1. where is glandular tissue derived: embryologically from epithelium
2. glandular epithelium: specialized cells that synthesize, store, and secrete chem- ical substances
3. types of glands: exocrine and endocrine
4. exocrine gland: a gland that secretes its product into a duct, which ultimately carries the product to the surface of
the body or into a body cavity.
5. endocrine gland: a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream
6. examples of exocrine glands: sweat, mammary, salivary
7. examples of endocrine glands: thyroid, pituitary, adrenal
8. funtions of the endocrine system: integrates activities of organs and organ systems. functions with the nervous
system to maintain homeostasis
9. similarities between nerve cells and gland cells: 1) secrete chemical messen- gers that act of target cells
2) secrete hormones that enter the vascular system
3) releases similar substances that act as neurotransmitters, neaural hormones or classic hormones
10.what substances are secreted from both the nervous and endocrine sys- tems: dopamine, norepinephrine,
somatostatin
11.endocrine responses: act over a long duration and can affect many different tissues and organs simultaneously
12.hormone: a chemical messenger produced by endocrine cells that travel through the circulatory system
towards specific cells within a tissue
13.hormone actions: bind to specific cellular receptors in which their presence determines a cells response and
abundance determines sensitivity
14.endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, pineal, parathyroid, adrenal
15.endocrine tissues: pancreas, gonads, thymus, adipose, hypothalamus, heart, kidneys, digestive tract
16.anterior pituitary hormones: hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PrL, ACTH, MSH
17.hGH: human growth hormone. stimulates body growth and metabolism
18.TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone. controls thyroid gland function
19.FSH/LH: Follicle stimulating hormone/lutinizing hormone. controls secretion of sex hormones and production of
gametes
20.PrL: prolactin. stimulates milk production
21.ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone. controls hormone secretion by adrenal cortex
22.MSH: melanocyte stimulating hormone. stimulates melanin secretion
23.posterior pituitary hormones: vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin
, ANAT 200 Final Study Guide 2025
24.ADH: antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin). regulates concentration of urine and blood pressure
25.oxytocin: stimulates uterine muscle contraction during child birth and release of milk from mammary glands
26.hypothalamus and anterior pituitary: secretes releasing factors to act on cells of the anterior pituitary
27.hypothalamus and posterior pituitary: hormones of the posterior pituitary are produced in the supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
28.Feedback inhibition: the product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor acts as an inhibitor or the release
of an initial hormone
29.production of thyroid hormones: 1) follicle cells secrete hormone precursor thyroglobulin into follicle cavity
2) iodine is added to thyroglobulin
3) when stimulated by TSH, thyroglobulin is converted to T4 and T3
4) T3 and T4 is secreted into connective tissue
5) hormones are picked up by capillaries
6) hormones regulate metabolism
30.parafollicular cells: c-cells that produce calcitonin for calcium regulation
31.parathyroid glands: secrete parathyroid hormone for calcium regulation
32.T3 and T4: stimulate oxygen use, basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, growth and development
33.calcitonin: decrease calcium in body fluids, increase calcium in bone
34.parathyroid hormone: increase calcium in body fluids, decrease calcium in bone
35.adrenal cortex hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
36.mineralocorticoids: increase renal absorption of sodium and water, decrease renal absorption of potassium
37.glucocorticoids: stimulates protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism and acts as an anti-inflammatory
38.androgens: stimulates growth of axillary and public hair, and stimulates libido
39.adenal medulla hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine
40.epinephrine and norepinephrine: fight or flight, increase cardiac output, in- crease blood pressure, increase
blood glucose, and effect release of lipids from adipose tissue
41.pancreatic alpha cells: secrete glucagon
42.pancreatic beta cells: secretes insulin
43.pancreatic delta cells: secretes somatostatin
44.pancreatic hormones: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin
, ANAT 200 Final Study Guide 2025
45.glucagon: stimulates glucose synthesis, elevates blood glucose, mobilizes lipid reserves
46.insulin: stimulates lipid and glycogen synthesis/storage, stimulates glucose uptake, decreases blood glucose
levels
47.somatostatin: inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin
48. diabetes mellitus: inability to produce or use insulin leading to elevation of blood glucose levels and
excretion of glucose in urine
49.problems associated with diabetes mellitus: cardio vascular and vision
50.Type I diabetes mellitus: autoimmune disease that destroys insulin secretes cells leading to a reduction of
insulin levels.
51.type II diabetes mellitus: target cells become less sensitive to insulin due to down-regulation of receptors. can
initially be managed by diet, exercise and weight loss
52.pineal gland: secretes melatonin
53.thymus gland: produces T-lymphocytes and thymic hormones
54.functions of the respiratory system: gas exchange between atmosphere and blood, filtration, temp regulation and
humidification of inspired air, olfaction, sound production
55.upper respiratory system: 1) nose; external nares
2) nasal cavity; nasal vestibule, conchae, internal nares
3) pharynx; nasopharynx, eustachian tube, oropharynx, epiglottis, laryngopharynx
56.lower respiratory system: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
57.Conducting portion of the lung: primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, ter- tiary bronchi, bronchioles
58.respiratory portion of the lung: lobule
59.swallowing: 1) tongue forces compacted bolus into oropharynx and the soft palette lifts and tightens o seal off
nasopharynx
2) laryngeal movement seals the trachea and pharyngeal muscles contract to push bolus into esophagus
60.hilum: root of the lung where blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and airways enter and leave the lungs
61.lung lobes: left: superior and inferior right: superior,
middle, and inferior
62.lung fissures: left: oblique right:
oblique and horizontal
63.cartilage rings: c shaped rings around the trachea and primary bronchi that provides structure. the open end is
joined by smooth muscle to allow expansion when a large bolus
