PSYC 361 Exam 1
1. How was the catholic church related to the period of witches?: The catholic church took away land of people who
were witches/mentally ill
2. Start of Chapter 1: Introduction & Historical Review: Contains:
-introduction to the study of mental disorders
-history of psychopathology
-the evolution of contemporary thought
-the mental health professions
3. What are 3 challenges when studying psychopathology?: -maintain objectiv- ity
-avoid preconceived notions
-reduce stigma
4. What is a mental disorder? (3) (According to DSM-5): -The disorder occurs
*within* the individual
-It involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feelings, or behaving
-it involves dysfunction in processes that support mental functioning
5. What is *not* a mental disorder?: -it is not a culturally specific reaction to an event (ex. death of a loved one)
-it is not primarily a result of social deviance or conflict with society
6. What 4 factors go into defining a mental disorder?: 1.personal distress
2. disability
3. iolation of social norms
4. dysfunction
7. How does (1) personal distress define a mental disorder?: -the condition causes the individual distress
-the person has emotional pain & suffering
-Ex. Helplessness and hopelessness of depression
8. How does (2) disability define a mental disorder?: -impairment in a key area (ex. work or relationships)
-ex. chronic abuse results in job loss
9. Do disorders have to have disability or all 4 characteristics?: -no
-Ex. People who have bulimia often pruge and binge in private but lead lives without impairment
10.How does (3) violation of social normals define a mental disorder?: -condi- tions makes others uncomfortable
or causes problems
-ex. antisocial behavior of the psychopath
11.How does (4) dysfunction define mental disorder?: -Wafefield's Harmful Dysfunction: failure of internal
mechanisms in the mind to function properly
-*Main point*: behavioral, psychological, and/or biological systems are impaired
, PSYC 361 Exam 1
12.What are some critics with Wakefield's concept of dysfunction?: -his full phrase was that mental disorders
are "harmful dysfunction"
-One difficulty is that internal mechanisms involved in mental disorders is still largely unknown
13.How does the DSM refer to dysfunction?: -refers to the fact that behavioral, psychological, & biological
dysfunctions are all interrelated
-it is the best current definition beacuse it includes many components, none of which alone can account for mental
disorder
14.What are the 3 criteria for abnormal psychology?: -maldaptive behavior (behavior harmful to the
individual and/or other people)
-going against social norm
-it is statistically rare
15.What are the 3 levels of each abnormal condition?: -mild, moderate, severe
16.What are the 5 early timepoints of the history of psychopathology?: -*Early demonology*
-*Early biological explanations*(Hippocrates-5th century BC)
-*Dark ages* (2nd century AD)
-*Witches* (13th century AD)
-*Asylums* (15th century)
17.How does *Early demonology* relate to the history of psychopathology?-
: -Mental disorders were considered caused by possession by evil beings or spirits (Exorcism)
18.How did Hippocrates explain mental disturbances in the 5th century BC?: -
-Mental disturbances have natural (not supernatural) causes (i.e. problems with the brain)
19.Why did hippocrates think it was the brain that caused mental illlness?: -he regared the brain as the organ of
consciousness. intellect, & emotion
-so he thought disordered thinking & behavior were indications of brain pathology
20.In the 5th century (Hippocrates time), what were the 3 categories of mental disorders?: 1. mania
2. melancholia
3. phrenitis (brain fever)
21.In the 5th century (Hippocrates time), normal brain functioning depended on the balance of what 4
humors?: 1. blood
2. black bile
3. yellow bile
4. phlegm
22.What did each of the 4 humors mean?: -blood: mood shift
-black bile: depression
, PSYC 361 Exam 1
-yellow bile: anxiety
-phlegm: calm & indifferent
23.What did too much blood indicate?: -changeable temperament
24.What were the treatments that Hippocrates offered?: -melancholia: he pre- scribed tranquility, sobriety, & care
in choosing food & drink, & abstinence from sexual activity
25.Who was Galen?: -regarded as the last great physician of classical era (and the beginning of the dark ages)
-after his death, Christian monasteris replaced physicians as healers and as author- ities with mental disorder
-after his death, there was a decline of inquiries into the nature of physical & mental illness
26.In the Dark ages (2nd century), what happened?: -Monks cared and prayed for mentally ill
27."Witches" appeared in the 13th century, how was this related to the history of psychopathology?: -*torture of
people sometimes led to bizzare delusional sounding confessions* (ex. concourse with demons & being witches)
28.What did historians conclude about these people?: -at first, researchers thought the accused were mentally
ill
-further reserach found little support for this conclusion
29.What was the Malleus Maleficarum?: -Stood for "the witches's hammer"
-a manual for witch hunting written by monks sent by the pope to hunt witches
30.What happened to a person being accused of being a witch?: -Would be tortured if they did not confess
-those convicted and show sorrow were imprisoned for life
-those convicted and no remorseful were executed by the law
31.What was a large indicator of witchcraft and what was the method of driving out the demon?: -a
person's sudden loss of reason was a symptom of demonic possession
-burning was done to extract the demon
32.What were the *Lunacy Trials*?: -trials held to determine sanity
-began in 13th century England
-Local authorities assumed responsibility for care of mentally ill
33.What was the Holy Trinity Hospital in England?: -hospital for mentally ill
-"the mad are kept safe until they are restored of reason"
-one of the first places after the witch hunts to say mental illness was caused by something else, not witchcraft
34.Why were the Lunacy Trials named Lunacy?: -Lunacy attributes insanity to misalignment of the moon
('"luna") and stars (ideas from swiss physician Paracel-
1. How was the catholic church related to the period of witches?: The catholic church took away land of people who
were witches/mentally ill
2. Start of Chapter 1: Introduction & Historical Review: Contains:
-introduction to the study of mental disorders
-history of psychopathology
-the evolution of contemporary thought
-the mental health professions
3. What are 3 challenges when studying psychopathology?: -maintain objectiv- ity
-avoid preconceived notions
-reduce stigma
4. What is a mental disorder? (3) (According to DSM-5): -The disorder occurs
*within* the individual
-It involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feelings, or behaving
-it involves dysfunction in processes that support mental functioning
5. What is *not* a mental disorder?: -it is not a culturally specific reaction to an event (ex. death of a loved one)
-it is not primarily a result of social deviance or conflict with society
6. What 4 factors go into defining a mental disorder?: 1.personal distress
2. disability
3. iolation of social norms
4. dysfunction
7. How does (1) personal distress define a mental disorder?: -the condition causes the individual distress
-the person has emotional pain & suffering
-Ex. Helplessness and hopelessness of depression
8. How does (2) disability define a mental disorder?: -impairment in a key area (ex. work or relationships)
-ex. chronic abuse results in job loss
9. Do disorders have to have disability or all 4 characteristics?: -no
-Ex. People who have bulimia often pruge and binge in private but lead lives without impairment
10.How does (3) violation of social normals define a mental disorder?: -condi- tions makes others uncomfortable
or causes problems
-ex. antisocial behavior of the psychopath
11.How does (4) dysfunction define mental disorder?: -Wafefield's Harmful Dysfunction: failure of internal
mechanisms in the mind to function properly
-*Main point*: behavioral, psychological, and/or biological systems are impaired
, PSYC 361 Exam 1
12.What are some critics with Wakefield's concept of dysfunction?: -his full phrase was that mental disorders
are "harmful dysfunction"
-One difficulty is that internal mechanisms involved in mental disorders is still largely unknown
13.How does the DSM refer to dysfunction?: -refers to the fact that behavioral, psychological, & biological
dysfunctions are all interrelated
-it is the best current definition beacuse it includes many components, none of which alone can account for mental
disorder
14.What are the 3 criteria for abnormal psychology?: -maldaptive behavior (behavior harmful to the
individual and/or other people)
-going against social norm
-it is statistically rare
15.What are the 3 levels of each abnormal condition?: -mild, moderate, severe
16.What are the 5 early timepoints of the history of psychopathology?: -*Early demonology*
-*Early biological explanations*(Hippocrates-5th century BC)
-*Dark ages* (2nd century AD)
-*Witches* (13th century AD)
-*Asylums* (15th century)
17.How does *Early demonology* relate to the history of psychopathology?-
: -Mental disorders were considered caused by possession by evil beings or spirits (Exorcism)
18.How did Hippocrates explain mental disturbances in the 5th century BC?: -
-Mental disturbances have natural (not supernatural) causes (i.e. problems with the brain)
19.Why did hippocrates think it was the brain that caused mental illlness?: -he regared the brain as the organ of
consciousness. intellect, & emotion
-so he thought disordered thinking & behavior were indications of brain pathology
20.In the 5th century (Hippocrates time), what were the 3 categories of mental disorders?: 1. mania
2. melancholia
3. phrenitis (brain fever)
21.In the 5th century (Hippocrates time), normal brain functioning depended on the balance of what 4
humors?: 1. blood
2. black bile
3. yellow bile
4. phlegm
22.What did each of the 4 humors mean?: -blood: mood shift
-black bile: depression
, PSYC 361 Exam 1
-yellow bile: anxiety
-phlegm: calm & indifferent
23.What did too much blood indicate?: -changeable temperament
24.What were the treatments that Hippocrates offered?: -melancholia: he pre- scribed tranquility, sobriety, & care
in choosing food & drink, & abstinence from sexual activity
25.Who was Galen?: -regarded as the last great physician of classical era (and the beginning of the dark ages)
-after his death, Christian monasteris replaced physicians as healers and as author- ities with mental disorder
-after his death, there was a decline of inquiries into the nature of physical & mental illness
26.In the Dark ages (2nd century), what happened?: -Monks cared and prayed for mentally ill
27."Witches" appeared in the 13th century, how was this related to the history of psychopathology?: -*torture of
people sometimes led to bizzare delusional sounding confessions* (ex. concourse with demons & being witches)
28.What did historians conclude about these people?: -at first, researchers thought the accused were mentally
ill
-further reserach found little support for this conclusion
29.What was the Malleus Maleficarum?: -Stood for "the witches's hammer"
-a manual for witch hunting written by monks sent by the pope to hunt witches
30.What happened to a person being accused of being a witch?: -Would be tortured if they did not confess
-those convicted and show sorrow were imprisoned for life
-those convicted and no remorseful were executed by the law
31.What was a large indicator of witchcraft and what was the method of driving out the demon?: -a
person's sudden loss of reason was a symptom of demonic possession
-burning was done to extract the demon
32.What were the *Lunacy Trials*?: -trials held to determine sanity
-began in 13th century England
-Local authorities assumed responsibility for care of mentally ill
33.What was the Holy Trinity Hospital in England?: -hospital for mentally ill
-"the mad are kept safe until they are restored of reason"
-one of the first places after the witch hunts to say mental illness was caused by something else, not witchcraft
34.Why were the Lunacy Trials named Lunacy?: -Lunacy attributes insanity to misalignment of the moon
('"luna") and stars (ideas from swiss physician Paracel-
