NRS 502 Exam With 100% Correct Solutions
Stages of implementing evidence based practise (Moule 2015) - ANSWER Identify a
problem, create a specific research question, literature search for the best available
evidence, appraise the evidence, identify patient needs/preferences, evaluate effects of
application and consider alternatives
2 acronyms to create a specific research question - ANSWER PICOT and SPIDER
What does PICOT stand for? - ANSWER P: Population and problem
I: Intervention
C: Comparison
O: Outcome
T: Timeframe
What type of research is PICOT used for? - ANSWER Quantitative
What does SPIDER stand for? - ANSWER S - Sample
PI - Phenomenon of Interest
D - Design
E - Evaluation
R - Research Type
What type of research is SPIDER used for? - ANSWER Qualitative
What is truncation? - ANSWER When characters are replaced with a * ? Or $ to allow for
more results i.e. Nurs* = Nurse, Nurses, Nursing ...
Could also be used to search for alternative spellings i.e. col*r = color and colour
Name 3 Boolean search operators. - ANSWER And, or, not
Key features of a systematic review - ANSWER Attempts to collate all empirical
evidence (published and unpublished) that fits the eligibility criteria to answer a specific
research question
Key features of a systematic literature review - ANSWER Review is logical and with a set
out plan but with a narrower scope and is less rigorous
Key features of a scoping review - ANSWER Usually precedes a full systematic review,
aiming to identify key concepts, maps out the primary sources of potential evidence and
,their availability
Key features of a rapid evidence assessment/review - ANSWER Structured and rigorous
search and quality assessment of the uncovered evidence of a research area; not as
extensive as a systematic review. For decision and policy making.
Key features of a evidence and gap mapping exercise - ANSWER Maps out and
categorises existing literature from which commission further reviews and/or primary
research by identifying gaps in the research literature
Key features of a meta analysis - ANSWER Statistically combines results of quantitative
studies to provide the precise effects of resul
Compare literature reviews with systematic reviews - ANSWER In literature reviews the
research question is more broad than systematic reviews, the literature search may not
be comprehensive in scope and results may be selected subjectively whereas in a
systematic review the search aims to find all published and unpublished literature that is
comprehensive in scope. Literature reviews may not have a clear rationale but a
systematic review will. Literature reviews may not always assess quality or to the same
standards as a systematic review. In literature reviews a method and results section
may not be included whereas systematic reviews will. In a literature review a conclusion
will be built on the researchers prior knowledge rather than the included studies
whereas a systematic review will build a clear conclusion from the included studies.
What are the two paradigms in this module? - ANSWER Quantitative and qualitative
research
What is a paradigms ? - ANSWER Philosophies or theories of knowledge and reality on
which research studies are built.
What is quantitative research? - ANSWER A scientific approach to research
underpinned by POSITIVISM and emphasises the use of a scientific method. The aim is
to test a hypothesis, explaining and predicting what/where/why/how/when phenomena
occurred. This approach is deductive.
Who is the founder of positivism ? - ANSWER Auguste Comte (late 1700s)
What is positivism? - ANSWER Positivism takes the view that only factual knowledge is
gained through observation (the senses) including measurement. The role of the
researcher is to collect and interpret data in an objective way. Research findings are
usually observable and quantifiable. (Collins, 2010)
How do we get toe clinical guidelines? (Hierarchy of evidence) - ANSWER Beginning
with animal and laboratory studies that didn't involve humans, moving on to case
reports/series that involve an expert opinion, then we move to case control studies
which are retrospective and looking into risk factors. Next we complete cohort studies
which are prospective and that expose a cohort to risk and observe an outcome of
interest. Following this we complete randomised control trials to test a treatment. Then
, meta analysis and systematic reviews (both secondary data) take place which influence
clinical practise guidelines.
Divisions of quantitative research designs - ANSWER Descriptive: case reports, case
series, cross-sectional studies
Analytical: observational (cross-sectional studies, case-control studies and cohort
studies) and experimental studies
A larger sample size is likely to be ... of the population and are therefore .... - ANSWER
Representative, Generalisable
High reliability means that... - ANSWER Results can usually be replicated or repeated
Randomised control trials (RCT) - ANSWER A scientific experiment with random
assignment of participants to groups i.e. new treatment, old treatment and control (no
treatment)
What does blinding achieve in a RCT? - ANSWER Reduces/eliminates selection bias
Single blinding - ANSWER When the participants do not know the type of treatment they
are recieving
Double blinding - ANSWER When the patient and investigators do not know the type of
treatment being received
What is triple blinding and why do we do this? - ANSWER When the patients,
investigators and data analyst does not know the type of treatment is being received.
This ensures that data analysis is objective and therefore reduces bias.
What is the P Value and what values are significant? - ANSWER The P Value is the
probability that the results have occurred due to chance alone. A statistically significant
P value is less than 0.05 (5%) and this allows us to prove/disprove a hypothesis.
What is a quasi experiment ? - ANSWER The independent variable is manipulated and
the group allocation is not randomised, also may include a control for comparison. For
example, diabetics and non diabetics
Three types of variables - ANSWER independent, dependent, confounding
Independent variables (IV) - ANSWER The variable which is manipulated/varied by the
researcher to create an effect on the dependant variable (also called treatment or
experimental variable)
Dependant variable (DV) - ANSWER The variable which is measured, changes in the DV
are presumed to be as a result of the IV. This could be a response, behaviour or
outcome.
Confounding variable (CV) - ANSWER An uncontrolled variable that has an unwanted
effect on the DV, making it impossible to determine which of the variables produced the
Stages of implementing evidence based practise (Moule 2015) - ANSWER Identify a
problem, create a specific research question, literature search for the best available
evidence, appraise the evidence, identify patient needs/preferences, evaluate effects of
application and consider alternatives
2 acronyms to create a specific research question - ANSWER PICOT and SPIDER
What does PICOT stand for? - ANSWER P: Population and problem
I: Intervention
C: Comparison
O: Outcome
T: Timeframe
What type of research is PICOT used for? - ANSWER Quantitative
What does SPIDER stand for? - ANSWER S - Sample
PI - Phenomenon of Interest
D - Design
E - Evaluation
R - Research Type
What type of research is SPIDER used for? - ANSWER Qualitative
What is truncation? - ANSWER When characters are replaced with a * ? Or $ to allow for
more results i.e. Nurs* = Nurse, Nurses, Nursing ...
Could also be used to search for alternative spellings i.e. col*r = color and colour
Name 3 Boolean search operators. - ANSWER And, or, not
Key features of a systematic review - ANSWER Attempts to collate all empirical
evidence (published and unpublished) that fits the eligibility criteria to answer a specific
research question
Key features of a systematic literature review - ANSWER Review is logical and with a set
out plan but with a narrower scope and is less rigorous
Key features of a scoping review - ANSWER Usually precedes a full systematic review,
aiming to identify key concepts, maps out the primary sources of potential evidence and
,their availability
Key features of a rapid evidence assessment/review - ANSWER Structured and rigorous
search and quality assessment of the uncovered evidence of a research area; not as
extensive as a systematic review. For decision and policy making.
Key features of a evidence and gap mapping exercise - ANSWER Maps out and
categorises existing literature from which commission further reviews and/or primary
research by identifying gaps in the research literature
Key features of a meta analysis - ANSWER Statistically combines results of quantitative
studies to provide the precise effects of resul
Compare literature reviews with systematic reviews - ANSWER In literature reviews the
research question is more broad than systematic reviews, the literature search may not
be comprehensive in scope and results may be selected subjectively whereas in a
systematic review the search aims to find all published and unpublished literature that is
comprehensive in scope. Literature reviews may not have a clear rationale but a
systematic review will. Literature reviews may not always assess quality or to the same
standards as a systematic review. In literature reviews a method and results section
may not be included whereas systematic reviews will. In a literature review a conclusion
will be built on the researchers prior knowledge rather than the included studies
whereas a systematic review will build a clear conclusion from the included studies.
What are the two paradigms in this module? - ANSWER Quantitative and qualitative
research
What is a paradigms ? - ANSWER Philosophies or theories of knowledge and reality on
which research studies are built.
What is quantitative research? - ANSWER A scientific approach to research
underpinned by POSITIVISM and emphasises the use of a scientific method. The aim is
to test a hypothesis, explaining and predicting what/where/why/how/when phenomena
occurred. This approach is deductive.
Who is the founder of positivism ? - ANSWER Auguste Comte (late 1700s)
What is positivism? - ANSWER Positivism takes the view that only factual knowledge is
gained through observation (the senses) including measurement. The role of the
researcher is to collect and interpret data in an objective way. Research findings are
usually observable and quantifiable. (Collins, 2010)
How do we get toe clinical guidelines? (Hierarchy of evidence) - ANSWER Beginning
with animal and laboratory studies that didn't involve humans, moving on to case
reports/series that involve an expert opinion, then we move to case control studies
which are retrospective and looking into risk factors. Next we complete cohort studies
which are prospective and that expose a cohort to risk and observe an outcome of
interest. Following this we complete randomised control trials to test a treatment. Then
, meta analysis and systematic reviews (both secondary data) take place which influence
clinical practise guidelines.
Divisions of quantitative research designs - ANSWER Descriptive: case reports, case
series, cross-sectional studies
Analytical: observational (cross-sectional studies, case-control studies and cohort
studies) and experimental studies
A larger sample size is likely to be ... of the population and are therefore .... - ANSWER
Representative, Generalisable
High reliability means that... - ANSWER Results can usually be replicated or repeated
Randomised control trials (RCT) - ANSWER A scientific experiment with random
assignment of participants to groups i.e. new treatment, old treatment and control (no
treatment)
What does blinding achieve in a RCT? - ANSWER Reduces/eliminates selection bias
Single blinding - ANSWER When the participants do not know the type of treatment they
are recieving
Double blinding - ANSWER When the patient and investigators do not know the type of
treatment being received
What is triple blinding and why do we do this? - ANSWER When the patients,
investigators and data analyst does not know the type of treatment is being received.
This ensures that data analysis is objective and therefore reduces bias.
What is the P Value and what values are significant? - ANSWER The P Value is the
probability that the results have occurred due to chance alone. A statistically significant
P value is less than 0.05 (5%) and this allows us to prove/disprove a hypothesis.
What is a quasi experiment ? - ANSWER The independent variable is manipulated and
the group allocation is not randomised, also may include a control for comparison. For
example, diabetics and non diabetics
Three types of variables - ANSWER independent, dependent, confounding
Independent variables (IV) - ANSWER The variable which is manipulated/varied by the
researcher to create an effect on the dependant variable (also called treatment or
experimental variable)
Dependant variable (DV) - ANSWER The variable which is measured, changes in the DV
are presumed to be as a result of the IV. This could be a response, behaviour or
outcome.
Confounding variable (CV) - ANSWER An uncontrolled variable that has an unwanted
effect on the DV, making it impossible to determine which of the variables produced the
