Summary all Literature for Midterm
v v v v
Philosophy of Religion (University of Oxford)
v v v v v
,Chapterv1v–vLecturev1
ThevConsciousvMindv=vformedvbyvmentalvstatesvwhichvcanvbevanyvexperiencevinvourvlife
MentalvStates
1. Conscious/vPhenomenalvExperiences
- what-it-is- Theyvarevmentalv
likeness/vqualiav=vqualitativevdifferences/vaspectsvofvexperiencesv(tastingvav statesvwithvonlyv
goodvcoffeev–vtastingvavbadvcoffee) onevofvqualia/vw
- “Phenomenal”v=vhowvsth.visvexperienced hat-it-is-
- qualiavarevthevqualitativevaspectsvofvphenomenalvexperiences vlikenessvorvinten
2. CognitivevStatesv=vpossessvintentionality/aboutness,vhavevpropositionalvattitudev tionality/abvoutn
(PA’s) ess
- PA’sv=vstereotypicalvexamplesvofvcognitivevstatesvstatvpossessvintentionality,vfu
nctionallyvdiscretevstates,vsth.vthatvonevcouldvlearnvorvforgetvwithoutvalteringvot
hervbeliefs
, - IfvIvintendvtovhavevanothervcupvofvcoffee,vIvwillvordervonevonvpurpose,vandvmyvintentionv(thev
mentalvstate)vhasvintentionalityv(aboutness)
- Propositionv=vmeaning
3. Emotionv=vpossessvwhat-it-is-likenessvandvaboutness
- Beingvangry:vitvisvsth.vitvfeelsvlikevtovbevmadvatvavbadvdriver
Thevconsciousvandvthevunconsciousvmind
- Statesvofvthevunconsciousvmindvcanvbecomevconsciousv(example:vmemories)v varevmentalvs
tatesvthatvbelongvtovthevunconsciousvmind
- Thevbrainvstatevwhichvregulatesvheartbeatvetc.vneithervbelongsvtvthevconsciousvnorvtovthev
unconsciousvmind
- Statesv(likevthevbrainvstate)varevnovmentalvstatesvbecausevtheyvlackvthevabilityvtovbecomev
conscious
Thevgeneralvproblem:vHowvdoesvthevconsciousvmindvfitvintovthevphysicalvworld?
1. Howvdovconsciousvexperiencesvfitvinvthevphysicalvworld?
2. Howvdovcognitivevstatesvfitvinvthevphysicalvworld?
3. Howvdovemotionsvfitvinvthevphysicalvworld?
1. Howvdovqualiavfitvinvthevphysicalvworld?
2. Howvdoesvintentionalityvfitvinvthevphysicalvworld?
Cognitionv=vmentalvstatesvthatvhavevaboutnessvConsciousnes
sv=vphenomenalvstates
Metaphysicsv=vphilosophyvthatvgoesvbeyondvphysics,vtellsvusvwhatvisvbeyondvnature
- Ifvthevdebatevaboutvthevconsciousvmindvwouldvbevconsideredvfromvavmetaphysicalvper
spective,vtherevwouldvbevnovbranchvofvsciencevthatvisvablevtovdealvwithvthisvproblem
- Metaphysicsv=vArmchairvphilosophyv=vphilosophyvthatvisvdetachedvfromvthevrealvworld,vdoesv
notvtakevsciencevintovaccountv vprefersvfantasyvandvspeculation
Chapterv2v–vLecturev1
Substancev=vcanvexistvonvitsvown
Substance-dualismv=vtherevarevtwovsubstances,vthevmindvandvthevbodyvarevindependentvofveachvother
- Movementvisvthevresultvofvcollisions
RenevDescartesv vmostvimportantvproponentvofvdualism
- Separabilityvthesisv(inseperabilityvthesis:vMichelvdevMontaigne)
- “Worldvisvmechanicalvbutvthevmindvnot”
Descartesv1stvmethod:vRadicalvdoubt
- Doubtingveverythingvthatvcanvbevdoubted
- Mathematicsvasvthevprototypevofvscience
- Distrustingvothervpeople
- Cogitovergovsum:vifvyouvdoubt,vyouvthink,vandvifvyouvthink,vyouvhavevtovexist
Descartesv2ndvmethod:vClearv&vdistinctvinsights
- Thingsvthatvonevperceivesvclearlyvandvdistinctlyvhavevtovbevtrue
o Descartesvis,vbutvwhatvisvhe?v vResvcogitansv(avthinkingvsubstance)
- Godvexists,vgodvdoesvnotvdeceivevmev vIvamvavbodyv vResvextensav(thevphysical/vextendedvs
ubstance)
- Resvextensav=vEssentialvproperty:vhavingvextension/beingvextended,visvthree-
dimensionalv=vtakesvupvavplacevinvspace
- Resvcogitansv=visvnotvextendedv vdoesvnotvhavevavplacevinvspace
- Animalsv vonlyvmachines,vonlyvphysicalv(withoutvavmind)
v v v v
Philosophy of Religion (University of Oxford)
v v v v v
,Chapterv1v–vLecturev1
ThevConsciousvMindv=vformedvbyvmentalvstatesvwhichvcanvbevanyvexperiencevinvourvlife
MentalvStates
1. Conscious/vPhenomenalvExperiences
- what-it-is- Theyvarevmentalv
likeness/vqualiav=vqualitativevdifferences/vaspectsvofvexperiencesv(tastingvav statesvwithvonlyv
goodvcoffeev–vtastingvavbadvcoffee) onevofvqualia/vw
- “Phenomenal”v=vhowvsth.visvexperienced hat-it-is-
- qualiavarevthevqualitativevaspectsvofvphenomenalvexperiences vlikenessvorvinten
2. CognitivevStatesv=vpossessvintentionality/aboutness,vhavevpropositionalvattitudev tionality/abvoutn
(PA’s) ess
- PA’sv=vstereotypicalvexamplesvofvcognitivevstatesvstatvpossessvintentionality,vfu
nctionallyvdiscretevstates,vsth.vthatvonevcouldvlearnvorvforgetvwithoutvalteringvot
hervbeliefs
, - IfvIvintendvtovhavevanothervcupvofvcoffee,vIvwillvordervonevonvpurpose,vandvmyvintentionv(thev
mentalvstate)vhasvintentionalityv(aboutness)
- Propositionv=vmeaning
3. Emotionv=vpossessvwhat-it-is-likenessvandvaboutness
- Beingvangry:vitvisvsth.vitvfeelsvlikevtovbevmadvatvavbadvdriver
Thevconsciousvandvthevunconsciousvmind
- Statesvofvthevunconsciousvmindvcanvbecomevconsciousv(example:vmemories)v varevmentalvs
tatesvthatvbelongvtovthevunconsciousvmind
- Thevbrainvstatevwhichvregulatesvheartbeatvetc.vneithervbelongsvtvthevconsciousvnorvtovthev
unconsciousvmind
- Statesv(likevthevbrainvstate)varevnovmentalvstatesvbecausevtheyvlackvthevabilityvtovbecomev
conscious
Thevgeneralvproblem:vHowvdoesvthevconsciousvmindvfitvintovthevphysicalvworld?
1. Howvdovconsciousvexperiencesvfitvinvthevphysicalvworld?
2. Howvdovcognitivevstatesvfitvinvthevphysicalvworld?
3. Howvdovemotionsvfitvinvthevphysicalvworld?
1. Howvdovqualiavfitvinvthevphysicalvworld?
2. Howvdoesvintentionalityvfitvinvthevphysicalvworld?
Cognitionv=vmentalvstatesvthatvhavevaboutnessvConsciousnes
sv=vphenomenalvstates
Metaphysicsv=vphilosophyvthatvgoesvbeyondvphysics,vtellsvusvwhatvisvbeyondvnature
- Ifvthevdebatevaboutvthevconsciousvmindvwouldvbevconsideredvfromvavmetaphysicalvper
spective,vtherevwouldvbevnovbranchvofvsciencevthatvisvablevtovdealvwithvthisvproblem
- Metaphysicsv=vArmchairvphilosophyv=vphilosophyvthatvisvdetachedvfromvthevrealvworld,vdoesv
notvtakevsciencevintovaccountv vprefersvfantasyvandvspeculation
Chapterv2v–vLecturev1
Substancev=vcanvexistvonvitsvown
Substance-dualismv=vtherevarevtwovsubstances,vthevmindvandvthevbodyvarevindependentvofveachvother
- Movementvisvthevresultvofvcollisions
RenevDescartesv vmostvimportantvproponentvofvdualism
- Separabilityvthesisv(inseperabilityvthesis:vMichelvdevMontaigne)
- “Worldvisvmechanicalvbutvthevmindvnot”
Descartesv1stvmethod:vRadicalvdoubt
- Doubtingveverythingvthatvcanvbevdoubted
- Mathematicsvasvthevprototypevofvscience
- Distrustingvothervpeople
- Cogitovergovsum:vifvyouvdoubt,vyouvthink,vandvifvyouvthink,vyouvhavevtovexist
Descartesv2ndvmethod:vClearv&vdistinctvinsights
- Thingsvthatvonevperceivesvclearlyvandvdistinctlyvhavevtovbevtrue
o Descartesvis,vbutvwhatvisvhe?v vResvcogitansv(avthinkingvsubstance)
- Godvexists,vgodvdoesvnotvdeceivevmev vIvamvavbodyv vResvextensav(thevphysical/vextendedvs
ubstance)
- Resvextensav=vEssentialvproperty:vhavingvextension/beingvextended,visvthree-
dimensionalv=vtakesvupvavplacevinvspace
- Resvcogitansv=visvnotvextendedv vdoesvnotvhavevavplacevinvspace
- Animalsv vonlyvmachines,vonlyvphysicalv(withoutvavmind)
