NU3079 – NURSING MCQ EXAM
REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
Support groups for ectopic pregnancies - Answer-Ectopic pregnancy Ireland, pregnancy
& infant loss Ireland
What is a miscarriage? - Answer-An involuntary loss of the products of conception prior
to 24 weeks gestation (before growing uterus can survive outside of the uterus)
What is a complete miscarriage? - Answer-all products of conception are expelled
What is a threatened miscarriage? - Answer-Bleeding, cramping, pain but pregnancy
continues normally
What is an inevitable miscarriage? - Answer-Vaginal bleeding with a dialated cervix,
miscarriage will soon occur
What is an incomplete miscarriage? - Answer-Not all products of conception are passed
from the uterus, D&C is required
What is a missed miscarriage? - Answer-Embryo fails to develop fully (dies) & remains
inside, often no bleeding may be present, placenta will still continue to release
hormones (signs of pregnancy may still experienced).
What is a recurrent miscarriage? - Answer-3 or more consecutive miscarriages
Treatment of miscarriage - Answer-Evacuation of retained products of conception
What is a subtotal hysterectomy? - Answer-involves removal only of the uterus, and
cervical stump either vagianally adominally, or laparoscopically
What is a total hysterectomy? - Answer-removal of the uterus and the cervix
What is a radical hysterectomy? - Answer-Uterus, cervix & ovaries are removes,
induces surgical menopause
Indications for a hysterectomy - Answer-Uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, advanced
cervical cancer, endometriosis, severe PID (rare), uterine prolapse, hemorrhage in child
birth, family hx of uterine cancer, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, fibroids, leiomyomas,
prophylactic oophorectomy (to prevent ovarian cancer)
,Normal specific gravity of urine - Answer-1.005-1.030
Normal urine pH - Answer-4.5-8
What could protein in urine indicate? - Answer-Renal disease, pre-eclampsia, infection
What do ketones in the urine indicate? - Answer-Starvation, hyperglycemia, vomiting,
diarrhea, diabetes
What does glucose in the urine indicate? - Answer-diabetes mellitus
What does blood in the urine indicate? - Answer-UTI, obstruction, kidney disease,
menstruation, kidney stones, trauma
What does leukocytes in the urine indicate? - Answer-UTI
What does nitrates in the urine indicate? - Answer-UTI
Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) - Answer-2.1 - 8.5 mmols / L
Normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) - Answer-90-120 ml / min
Normal serum creatine levels - Answer-Males - 59-104 umols / L
Females - 45 - 84 umols / L
What is creatine? - Answer-A waste product in the blood that comes from muscle
activity, if kidney function slows down then creatine level rises
Normal residual urine volume - Answer-<100 mls
What is a lower urinary tract infection - Answer-Bacterial / viral. / fungal colonization of
the bladder and / or the urethra
Clinical manifestaions of a lower urinary tract infection - Answer-Asymptomatic, urgency
/ frequency to urinate, incomplete, emptying of bladder, nocturia, incontinence, dysuria,
suprapubic / pelvic pain, hematuria, cloudy urine, foul smelling urine
Diagnostic investigation of a lower UTI - Answer-Leukocytes / nitrates / proteins present
in urinalysis, MSU for C&S, WBC
Causes / risk factors of a lower UTI - Answer-E-coli from bowel, poor perineal hygiene,
sexual intecourse, stasis of urine in the bladder, catheterization / urinary procedures,
older people, females
, Treatment of lower UTI - Answer-Antibiotics depends on results of C&S - commonly
Cefalexin OR Trimethorpin
IV fluids (0.9 NaCl)
Increase fluid intake to 3L (unless contraindicated)
Analgesia (avoid NSAIDs as they are nephrotoxic)
What is acute pyelonephritis? - Answer-Inflammation of the kidneys in which kidneys
enlarge with interstitial infiltration & pelvis may be congested & calcyes contain pus
What is chronic pyelonephritis? - Answer-Repeated bouts of acute pyelonephritis,
regarded by some as end stage renal disease
Clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis - Answer-Sudden onset of severe pain in
the loin, pain radius around iliac fossa, bacteriuria / leukocytosis, pyuria, pyrexia, rigor,
nausea / vomiting, may co-exist with cystitis, eventually kidney atrophy, destruction of
the glomeruli
Clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis - Answer-No symptoms unless acute
exacerbation occurs, fatigue, headache, anorexia, polyuria, excess thirst, weight loss
Diagnostic investigations of pyelonephritis - Answer-MSU for C&S
FBC
Urea & electrolytes (ensures no kidneys damage has occurred)
Intravenous pyelogram
KUB
Causes of acute pyelonephritis - Answer-Infection / UTI
Causes of chronic pyelonephritis - Answer-Repeated bouts of acute pyelonephritis,
urinary tract obstruction (e.g strictures, tumors, BPH, urinary stones), VUR
Treatment of acute pyelonephritis - Answer-Augmentin, 3 liters of fluid / 24 hours
Clinical manifestations of urinary retention - Answer-Bladder distension, sensation of
bladder fullness, unable to void, difficulty starting stream of urine, incomplete bladder
emptying (i.e residual volume > 100mls), voiding frequent small amounts of urine,
urinary leakage / dribbling, restlessness, pain / discomfort in the region of the bladder
and / or kidneys
REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
Support groups for ectopic pregnancies - Answer-Ectopic pregnancy Ireland, pregnancy
& infant loss Ireland
What is a miscarriage? - Answer-An involuntary loss of the products of conception prior
to 24 weeks gestation (before growing uterus can survive outside of the uterus)
What is a complete miscarriage? - Answer-all products of conception are expelled
What is a threatened miscarriage? - Answer-Bleeding, cramping, pain but pregnancy
continues normally
What is an inevitable miscarriage? - Answer-Vaginal bleeding with a dialated cervix,
miscarriage will soon occur
What is an incomplete miscarriage? - Answer-Not all products of conception are passed
from the uterus, D&C is required
What is a missed miscarriage? - Answer-Embryo fails to develop fully (dies) & remains
inside, often no bleeding may be present, placenta will still continue to release
hormones (signs of pregnancy may still experienced).
What is a recurrent miscarriage? - Answer-3 or more consecutive miscarriages
Treatment of miscarriage - Answer-Evacuation of retained products of conception
What is a subtotal hysterectomy? - Answer-involves removal only of the uterus, and
cervical stump either vagianally adominally, or laparoscopically
What is a total hysterectomy? - Answer-removal of the uterus and the cervix
What is a radical hysterectomy? - Answer-Uterus, cervix & ovaries are removes,
induces surgical menopause
Indications for a hysterectomy - Answer-Uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, advanced
cervical cancer, endometriosis, severe PID (rare), uterine prolapse, hemorrhage in child
birth, family hx of uterine cancer, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, fibroids, leiomyomas,
prophylactic oophorectomy (to prevent ovarian cancer)
,Normal specific gravity of urine - Answer-1.005-1.030
Normal urine pH - Answer-4.5-8
What could protein in urine indicate? - Answer-Renal disease, pre-eclampsia, infection
What do ketones in the urine indicate? - Answer-Starvation, hyperglycemia, vomiting,
diarrhea, diabetes
What does glucose in the urine indicate? - Answer-diabetes mellitus
What does blood in the urine indicate? - Answer-UTI, obstruction, kidney disease,
menstruation, kidney stones, trauma
What does leukocytes in the urine indicate? - Answer-UTI
What does nitrates in the urine indicate? - Answer-UTI
Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) - Answer-2.1 - 8.5 mmols / L
Normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) - Answer-90-120 ml / min
Normal serum creatine levels - Answer-Males - 59-104 umols / L
Females - 45 - 84 umols / L
What is creatine? - Answer-A waste product in the blood that comes from muscle
activity, if kidney function slows down then creatine level rises
Normal residual urine volume - Answer-<100 mls
What is a lower urinary tract infection - Answer-Bacterial / viral. / fungal colonization of
the bladder and / or the urethra
Clinical manifestaions of a lower urinary tract infection - Answer-Asymptomatic, urgency
/ frequency to urinate, incomplete, emptying of bladder, nocturia, incontinence, dysuria,
suprapubic / pelvic pain, hematuria, cloudy urine, foul smelling urine
Diagnostic investigation of a lower UTI - Answer-Leukocytes / nitrates / proteins present
in urinalysis, MSU for C&S, WBC
Causes / risk factors of a lower UTI - Answer-E-coli from bowel, poor perineal hygiene,
sexual intecourse, stasis of urine in the bladder, catheterization / urinary procedures,
older people, females
, Treatment of lower UTI - Answer-Antibiotics depends on results of C&S - commonly
Cefalexin OR Trimethorpin
IV fluids (0.9 NaCl)
Increase fluid intake to 3L (unless contraindicated)
Analgesia (avoid NSAIDs as they are nephrotoxic)
What is acute pyelonephritis? - Answer-Inflammation of the kidneys in which kidneys
enlarge with interstitial infiltration & pelvis may be congested & calcyes contain pus
What is chronic pyelonephritis? - Answer-Repeated bouts of acute pyelonephritis,
regarded by some as end stage renal disease
Clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis - Answer-Sudden onset of severe pain in
the loin, pain radius around iliac fossa, bacteriuria / leukocytosis, pyuria, pyrexia, rigor,
nausea / vomiting, may co-exist with cystitis, eventually kidney atrophy, destruction of
the glomeruli
Clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis - Answer-No symptoms unless acute
exacerbation occurs, fatigue, headache, anorexia, polyuria, excess thirst, weight loss
Diagnostic investigations of pyelonephritis - Answer-MSU for C&S
FBC
Urea & electrolytes (ensures no kidneys damage has occurred)
Intravenous pyelogram
KUB
Causes of acute pyelonephritis - Answer-Infection / UTI
Causes of chronic pyelonephritis - Answer-Repeated bouts of acute pyelonephritis,
urinary tract obstruction (e.g strictures, tumors, BPH, urinary stones), VUR
Treatment of acute pyelonephritis - Answer-Augmentin, 3 liters of fluid / 24 hours
Clinical manifestations of urinary retention - Answer-Bladder distension, sensation of
bladder fullness, unable to void, difficulty starting stream of urine, incomplete bladder
emptying (i.e residual volume > 100mls), voiding frequent small amounts of urine,
urinary leakage / dribbling, restlessness, pain / discomfort in the region of the bladder
and / or kidneys
