706 Midterm Exam
what is the triple aim - answer-improving the patient experience of care (quality and
satisfaction)
-improving the health of population
-reducing the per capita cost of health care
what is a surrogate outcome? - answer-clinical indicator used as the basis of treatment
alternatives
-change in surrogate may not lead to changes in real outcomes
what are clinical outcomes? - answer-physiologic or psychological measures of disease
control
-often end-point of outcomes assessment (BP, serum cholesterol)
what are weaknesses of clinical outcomes? - answer some clinical outcomes cannot be
observed for many years (CV events)
what are economic outcomes? - answer direct, indirect, and intangible costs compared
with the consequences of medical treatment alternatives
what are PROs? - answerany report of the status of a patient's health condition that
comes directly from the patient, without interpretation of the patient's response by a
clinician or anyone else
what are the 3 most common perspectives? - answerpatient, payer, societal
what is the patient perspective? - answer-what's important to the patient including the
patient's perspective on what the relevant outcome is
-incorporation of the patients' perspective in clinical research is critical to ensure that
outcomes measured reflect those which matter most to patients
what is the payer perspective? - answer-healthcare payers are charged with the
responsibility of achieving max profits or output within their limited budget
what for HEOR stand for? what is it a part of? - answerHealth Economic Outcomes
Research
Payer perspective
what is the societal perspective? - answeraccounts for all the effects impacting patients,
their families, the public, and government expenditures for a healthcare intervention
, wilson-cleary model - answer
andersen model - answerstucture, process, outcome
-shows you the relationship between social determinants and outcome measures
-how sick the person is (need), comorbidity measures --> can influence health behavior
donabedian model - answerstructure, process, outcome
when examining an outcome, must consider all that can affect that outcome including
systems that are in-place that may have tremendous influence
what is structure (donabedian model)? - answerrelatively static characteristics of the
health system including workers and physical environment
what is process (donabedian model)? - answerall activities taking place during the
delivery of care (diagnosis, prescription)
technical aspect - answerapplication of current medical science and technology,
balance between risks and benefits (part of process in donabedian model)
interpersonal aspect - answerclinician/patient relationship (part of process in the
donabedian model)
what are outcomes (donabedian model)? - answermeasures that capture whether the
goals of care were achieved
what are direct costs? - answerinclude the cost of a defined intervention and all follow-
up costs for other medication and health care interventions in ambulatory, inpatient, and
nursing care, all specialist and GP care, ER care, as well as rehabilitation/physical
therapy
examples of direct medical costs - answerhospitalization, outpatient visits, procedures
and tests, devices (wheelchair, hearing aid, pacemaker), services (home care/nursing
care), medication
examples of direct non-medical costs - answertransportation, service (home helper,
meals on wheels, social assistance), devices and investments, informal care
what are indirect costs? - answercosts associated with illness or treatment that are not
the immediate costs of care
examples of indirect costs - answercosts related to work, early mortality, sick leave,
early retirement, premature death
what is the triple aim - answer-improving the patient experience of care (quality and
satisfaction)
-improving the health of population
-reducing the per capita cost of health care
what is a surrogate outcome? - answer-clinical indicator used as the basis of treatment
alternatives
-change in surrogate may not lead to changes in real outcomes
what are clinical outcomes? - answer-physiologic or psychological measures of disease
control
-often end-point of outcomes assessment (BP, serum cholesterol)
what are weaknesses of clinical outcomes? - answer some clinical outcomes cannot be
observed for many years (CV events)
what are economic outcomes? - answer direct, indirect, and intangible costs compared
with the consequences of medical treatment alternatives
what are PROs? - answerany report of the status of a patient's health condition that
comes directly from the patient, without interpretation of the patient's response by a
clinician or anyone else
what are the 3 most common perspectives? - answerpatient, payer, societal
what is the patient perspective? - answer-what's important to the patient including the
patient's perspective on what the relevant outcome is
-incorporation of the patients' perspective in clinical research is critical to ensure that
outcomes measured reflect those which matter most to patients
what is the payer perspective? - answer-healthcare payers are charged with the
responsibility of achieving max profits or output within their limited budget
what for HEOR stand for? what is it a part of? - answerHealth Economic Outcomes
Research
Payer perspective
what is the societal perspective? - answeraccounts for all the effects impacting patients,
their families, the public, and government expenditures for a healthcare intervention
, wilson-cleary model - answer
andersen model - answerstucture, process, outcome
-shows you the relationship between social determinants and outcome measures
-how sick the person is (need), comorbidity measures --> can influence health behavior
donabedian model - answerstructure, process, outcome
when examining an outcome, must consider all that can affect that outcome including
systems that are in-place that may have tremendous influence
what is structure (donabedian model)? - answerrelatively static characteristics of the
health system including workers and physical environment
what is process (donabedian model)? - answerall activities taking place during the
delivery of care (diagnosis, prescription)
technical aspect - answerapplication of current medical science and technology,
balance between risks and benefits (part of process in donabedian model)
interpersonal aspect - answerclinician/patient relationship (part of process in the
donabedian model)
what are outcomes (donabedian model)? - answermeasures that capture whether the
goals of care were achieved
what are direct costs? - answerinclude the cost of a defined intervention and all follow-
up costs for other medication and health care interventions in ambulatory, inpatient, and
nursing care, all specialist and GP care, ER care, as well as rehabilitation/physical
therapy
examples of direct medical costs - answerhospitalization, outpatient visits, procedures
and tests, devices (wheelchair, hearing aid, pacemaker), services (home care/nursing
care), medication
examples of direct non-medical costs - answertransportation, service (home helper,
meals on wheels, social assistance), devices and investments, informal care
what are indirect costs? - answercosts associated with illness or treatment that are not
the immediate costs of care
examples of indirect costs - answercosts related to work, early mortality, sick leave,
early retirement, premature death
