PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
what is cellular adaptation?
alterations/ injury to the cell enables cell to maintain steady state despite adverse conditions
decrease in cell size is.......
atrophy
what is hypertrophy?
increase in cell size
what is hyperplasia?
increase in number of cells due to increased workload
what is dysplasia?
disorderly growth
what is metaplasia?
replacement of one adult cell with another less mature cell type
what are the manifestations of cellular injury?
swelling, redness, pain, warmth,
what is it when all the white blood cells go to the site to fight off infection; Accumulation of
water, lipids, carbs, glycogen, proteins, calcium, and bilirubin?
swelling
what is redness?
increased blood flow from increased vascular permeability
what is the release of prostaglandins ?
pain; prostaglandins signals pain to the body
what are the systemic manifestations of a cellular injury?
-fever: 2 points above patients baseline
-leukocytosis
-pain
-elevated HR
,what are the causes of a cellular injury?
-lack of oxygen
-free radicals
-toxic chemicals
-infectious agents
-inflammatory or immune response
what are the two types of cellular death?
necrosis and apoptosis
what is necrosis?
cell death due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply
what are the 4 types of necrosis?
1. Coagulative
2. Liquefactive
3. Caseous
4. Fat
5. gangrene
what is coagulative necrosis?
necrosis of the kidney, liver, or heart muscle
what is liquefactive necrosis?
in the brain
what is fat necrosis?
liver and pancreas
what is gangrene necrosis?
necrosis of an appendage, usually limbs
what is caseous necrosis?
infection with mycobacterium TB
what is apoptosis?
selective cellular self- destruction= programmed death
what is autophage?
, eats oneself
what are the manifestations of somatic death?
death of the entire organism
-Cessation of respiration & circulation
-Gradual lowering of body temperature -Dilation of pupils -Loss of elasticity in skin -Stiffening of
muscles -Discoloration of the skin
humans have a total of _______ pairs of chromosomes
23
the leading cause of mental retardation and miscarriages is _______________
_________________.
chromosome abnormality
what is another name for Down syndrome?
Trisomy 21
what is aneuploidy?
cells contain an abnormal # of chromosomes; 3 copies of one chromosome
what are the characteristics of Down syndrome?
low set ears, protruding tongue, low nasal bridge, mental retardation, congenital heart defect
what is the greatest genetic risk factor?
maternal age greater than 35
what is turner syndrome?
Occurs in females when they only have one X chromosome
what are the characteristics of turner syndrome?
-female
-short stature
-webbing of the neck
-widely spaced nipples
-high number of miscarriages
-X chromosome usually inherited from the mother
what is cellular adaptation?
alterations/ injury to the cell enables cell to maintain steady state despite adverse conditions
decrease in cell size is.......
atrophy
what is hypertrophy?
increase in cell size
what is hyperplasia?
increase in number of cells due to increased workload
what is dysplasia?
disorderly growth
what is metaplasia?
replacement of one adult cell with another less mature cell type
what are the manifestations of cellular injury?
swelling, redness, pain, warmth,
what is it when all the white blood cells go to the site to fight off infection; Accumulation of
water, lipids, carbs, glycogen, proteins, calcium, and bilirubin?
swelling
what is redness?
increased blood flow from increased vascular permeability
what is the release of prostaglandins ?
pain; prostaglandins signals pain to the body
what are the systemic manifestations of a cellular injury?
-fever: 2 points above patients baseline
-leukocytosis
-pain
-elevated HR
,what are the causes of a cellular injury?
-lack of oxygen
-free radicals
-toxic chemicals
-infectious agents
-inflammatory or immune response
what are the two types of cellular death?
necrosis and apoptosis
what is necrosis?
cell death due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply
what are the 4 types of necrosis?
1. Coagulative
2. Liquefactive
3. Caseous
4. Fat
5. gangrene
what is coagulative necrosis?
necrosis of the kidney, liver, or heart muscle
what is liquefactive necrosis?
in the brain
what is fat necrosis?
liver and pancreas
what is gangrene necrosis?
necrosis of an appendage, usually limbs
what is caseous necrosis?
infection with mycobacterium TB
what is apoptosis?
selective cellular self- destruction= programmed death
what is autophage?
, eats oneself
what are the manifestations of somatic death?
death of the entire organism
-Cessation of respiration & circulation
-Gradual lowering of body temperature -Dilation of pupils -Loss of elasticity in skin -Stiffening of
muscles -Discoloration of the skin
humans have a total of _______ pairs of chromosomes
23
the leading cause of mental retardation and miscarriages is _______________
_________________.
chromosome abnormality
what is another name for Down syndrome?
Trisomy 21
what is aneuploidy?
cells contain an abnormal # of chromosomes; 3 copies of one chromosome
what are the characteristics of Down syndrome?
low set ears, protruding tongue, low nasal bridge, mental retardation, congenital heart defect
what is the greatest genetic risk factor?
maternal age greater than 35
what is turner syndrome?
Occurs in females when they only have one X chromosome
what are the characteristics of turner syndrome?
-female
-short stature
-webbing of the neck
-widely spaced nipples
-high number of miscarriages
-X chromosome usually inherited from the mother
