CNS Samenvatting
,Index
Longitude and latitude...........................................................................................................................5
Longitude............................................................................................................................................5
Latitude..............................................................................................................................................5
Position notations...................................................................................................................................6
Distance..................................................................................................................................................6
Conversion to other units...................................................................................................................6
Speed..................................................................................................................................................6
Great-circle distance...............................................................................................................................6
Heading & Track.....................................................................................................................................7
Course, track, route, and heading......................................................................................................7
Relation between the true and magnetic direction............................................................................8
Magnetic Compass.............................................................................................................................8
Magnetic Compass Induced Errors.....................................................................................................8
Wind triangle..........................................................................................................................................9
Calculating the required heading........................................................................................................9
Calculating the ground speed.............................................................................................................9
Inertial navigation...................................................................................................................................9
Strapdown systems..........................................................................................................................10
Radio navigation...................................................................................................................................11
Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range (VOR)........................................................................11
Automatic direction finder (ADF)......................................................................................................11
Altitude in Aviation...............................................................................................................................12
QNH and QFE....................................................................................................................................12
Altitude Corrections..........................................................................................................................12
Radio (radar) altimeter.....................................................................................................................13
Time......................................................................................................................................................13
UTC...................................................................................................................................................13
Solar hour angle................................................................................................................................13
Leap year and leap seconds..............................................................................................................13
GPS.......................................................................................................................................................14
GPS signal.........................................................................................................................................14
Errors in signals....................................................................................................................................14
Sources of interference....................................................................................................................15
Dilution of precision.........................................................................................................................15
, Signal jamming and spoofing............................................................................................................15
GNSS.....................................................................................................................................................16
Improving GNSS accuracy.................................................................................................................16
DGPS.................................................................................................................................................16
GBAS.................................................................................................................................................16
SBAS..................................................................................................................................................17
Surveillance with the use of position....................................................................................................17
Radar................................................................................................................................................17
PSR................................................................................................................................................17
SSR................................................................................................................................................18
Limitations....................................................................................................................................18
Multilateration (MLAT).....................................................................................................................18
The operation of multilateration..................................................................................................18
Pros and cons................................................................................................................................18
Application of multilateration.......................................................................................................19
Automatic dependent surveillance (ADS).........................................................................................19
ADS-C............................................................................................................................................19
ADS-B............................................................................................................................................19
ADS-B vs ADS-C.............................................................................................................................20
TCAS..................................................................................................................................................21
Operation modes..........................................................................................................................21
Alerts............................................................................................................................................21
(E)GPWS...........................................................................................................................................22
Communication....................................................................................................................................23
Radiotelephony (R/T)........................................................................................................................24
Radio communication channels....................................................................................................24
SELCALL (selective calling)................................................................................................................25
ACARS...............................................................................................................................................25
SWIM................................................................................................................................................26
ANS.......................................................................................................................................................26
Transponder.........................................................................................................................................27
Transponder modes..........................................................................................................................27
UAS.......................................................................................................................................................28
Regulation........................................................................................................................................28
Recreational – professional..........................................................................................................28
Large – small.................................................................................................................................28
, Rules of the air..............................................................................................................................29
Privacy..........................................................................................................................................29
Safety and security...............................................................................................................................30
Regulation........................................................................................................................................30
Safety vs security..............................................................................................................................30
Safety............................................................................................................................................30
Security.........................................................................................................................................31
, Longitude and latitude
Longitude
The Longitude (C) of a point on the Earth’s surface is the angle east or west from a reference
meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great
ellipses (often improperly called great circles),
which converge at the north and south poles.
The meridian of Greenwich is the international
prime meridian it is both 180°W and 180°E.
Latitude
The latitude (φ) of a point on the Earth’s surface) of a point on the Earth’s surface
is the angle between the equatorial plane and
the straight line that passes through that point
and the center of the Earth. Lines joining points
of the same latitude trace circles on the surface
of the Earth called parallels, as they are parallel
to the equator and each other. The north pole is
90° N; the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of
latitude is the equator, the fundamental plane
of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into North and South.
,Index
Longitude and latitude...........................................................................................................................5
Longitude............................................................................................................................................5
Latitude..............................................................................................................................................5
Position notations...................................................................................................................................6
Distance..................................................................................................................................................6
Conversion to other units...................................................................................................................6
Speed..................................................................................................................................................6
Great-circle distance...............................................................................................................................6
Heading & Track.....................................................................................................................................7
Course, track, route, and heading......................................................................................................7
Relation between the true and magnetic direction............................................................................8
Magnetic Compass.............................................................................................................................8
Magnetic Compass Induced Errors.....................................................................................................8
Wind triangle..........................................................................................................................................9
Calculating the required heading........................................................................................................9
Calculating the ground speed.............................................................................................................9
Inertial navigation...................................................................................................................................9
Strapdown systems..........................................................................................................................10
Radio navigation...................................................................................................................................11
Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range (VOR)........................................................................11
Automatic direction finder (ADF)......................................................................................................11
Altitude in Aviation...............................................................................................................................12
QNH and QFE....................................................................................................................................12
Altitude Corrections..........................................................................................................................12
Radio (radar) altimeter.....................................................................................................................13
Time......................................................................................................................................................13
UTC...................................................................................................................................................13
Solar hour angle................................................................................................................................13
Leap year and leap seconds..............................................................................................................13
GPS.......................................................................................................................................................14
GPS signal.........................................................................................................................................14
Errors in signals....................................................................................................................................14
Sources of interference....................................................................................................................15
Dilution of precision.........................................................................................................................15
, Signal jamming and spoofing............................................................................................................15
GNSS.....................................................................................................................................................16
Improving GNSS accuracy.................................................................................................................16
DGPS.................................................................................................................................................16
GBAS.................................................................................................................................................16
SBAS..................................................................................................................................................17
Surveillance with the use of position....................................................................................................17
Radar................................................................................................................................................17
PSR................................................................................................................................................17
SSR................................................................................................................................................18
Limitations....................................................................................................................................18
Multilateration (MLAT).....................................................................................................................18
The operation of multilateration..................................................................................................18
Pros and cons................................................................................................................................18
Application of multilateration.......................................................................................................19
Automatic dependent surveillance (ADS).........................................................................................19
ADS-C............................................................................................................................................19
ADS-B............................................................................................................................................19
ADS-B vs ADS-C.............................................................................................................................20
TCAS..................................................................................................................................................21
Operation modes..........................................................................................................................21
Alerts............................................................................................................................................21
(E)GPWS...........................................................................................................................................22
Communication....................................................................................................................................23
Radiotelephony (R/T)........................................................................................................................24
Radio communication channels....................................................................................................24
SELCALL (selective calling)................................................................................................................25
ACARS...............................................................................................................................................25
SWIM................................................................................................................................................26
ANS.......................................................................................................................................................26
Transponder.........................................................................................................................................27
Transponder modes..........................................................................................................................27
UAS.......................................................................................................................................................28
Regulation........................................................................................................................................28
Recreational – professional..........................................................................................................28
Large – small.................................................................................................................................28
, Rules of the air..............................................................................................................................29
Privacy..........................................................................................................................................29
Safety and security...............................................................................................................................30
Regulation........................................................................................................................................30
Safety vs security..............................................................................................................................30
Safety............................................................................................................................................30
Security.........................................................................................................................................31
, Longitude and latitude
Longitude
The Longitude (C) of a point on the Earth’s surface is the angle east or west from a reference
meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great
ellipses (often improperly called great circles),
which converge at the north and south poles.
The meridian of Greenwich is the international
prime meridian it is both 180°W and 180°E.
Latitude
The latitude (φ) of a point on the Earth’s surface) of a point on the Earth’s surface
is the angle between the equatorial plane and
the straight line that passes through that point
and the center of the Earth. Lines joining points
of the same latitude trace circles on the surface
of the Earth called parallels, as they are parallel
to the equator and each other. The north pole is
90° N; the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of
latitude is the equator, the fundamental plane
of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into North and South.
