CONTENTS
Preface 5
PART I: British and American English
1. Differences Between British English and American English 6
PART II: Grammar Review
2. Sentence Pattern 11
3. Nouns 12
4. Count and Non-Count Nouns 13
5. Articles 16
6. Distinction Between OTHER / ANOTHER 22
7. Tenses 23
8. Subject— Verb Agreement 31
9. Pronouns 35
10. Verbs as Compliments 40
11.Pronouns as Compliments 42
12.The Verb NEED 42
13. Questions:
Information Questions 43
Embedded Questions 45
Tag Questions 47
14. Negation 50
15. Affirmative and Negative Agreement 51
16. Conditional Sentences 52
17. USED TO / USED TO + Ving 60
18. Would Rather 63
19. Modals 64
20. Adjectives and Adverbs 66
21. Linking Verbs 69
22. Comparisons 70
23. Nouns Functioning as Adverbs 74
24. Hyphenated Adjectives 75
25. ENOUGH with Adjectives, Adverbs and Nouns 77
26. Cause Connectors: BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF; SO / SUCH 78
27. Passive Voice 82
28. Causative Verbs 84
29. Relative Clauses 87
30. Subjunctive 90
31. Inclusives: NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO, BOTH...AND, AS WELL AS 92
32. KNOW/KNOW HOW 93
33. Clauses of Concession: DESPITE / IN SPITE OF / ALTHOUGH 94
34. Problem Verbs 96
3
,PART III: Style in Written English
35. Sequence of Tenses 97
36. SAY/TELL 100
37. Antecedents of Pronouns 101
38.The Pronouns ONE and YOU 103
39.Illogical Participial Modifiers (Dangling Participles) 104
40.Participles as Adjectives 106
41. Redundancy 107
42.Wordiness 108
43.Parallel Structure 109
44. Transformation of Direct and Indirect Objects 112
45. Inversion 112
PART IV: Prepositions, Conjunctions and Problem Vocabulary
46.Prepositions 114
47. Conjunctions 118
48.Vocabulary 121
49. Structure and Written Expression
Test 1 134
Test 2 136
PART V: Idioms 139
Answer Keys 162
4
, Preface
At present many people want to study or to work abroad, or to work for a foreign
company in Russia. The first step to achieve this goal is to pass the test which certifies
your knowledge of English. For example, if your plans are connected with working or
studying in the USA, you have to pass the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign
Language).
The TOEFL is a timed test that consists of four sections:
1. Listening Comprehension (50 questions — 40 minutes);
2. Structure and Written Expression (40 questions — 25 minutes);
3. Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension (50 questions — 55 minutes).
4. Writing (30 minutes).
The maximum total score is 300 points.
In preparing for the TOEFL, or any other language examinations, it is very
important to review the language skills for each section of the examination and to have
an opportunity to make model tests that are similar to the actual examination.
Reviewing will help students recall some of the language skills that they have studied in
previous classes and other books.
It is assumed that students have studied grammar prior to reviewing for the
TOEFL, and that they are relatively fluent. The purpose of this workbook then, is to
provide students with a detailed review of the language skills for the Structure and
Written Expression section of the TOEFL, to sharpen these skills and to improve
accuracy.
TOEFL Grammar Review is divided into five parts covering the most frequently
tested problems necessary to pass Section 2 of the TOEFL. Part I shows differences
between American and British English. Parts II-IV include practice exercises designed
to improve the ability to recognize grammar and correct style in Written English. Two
TOEFL Structure and Written Expression Practice Tests included in Part IV will allow
to measure their ability to answer grammar questions in the TOEFL format. Part V
contains exercises testing American idioms.
The TOEFL Grammar Review includes answer keys which enable to use this
workbook as a self-study guide for independent out-of class work.
5
, PART I: BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
1. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISH ENGLISH
AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
1. PRONUNCIATION
Letter BE AE Examples
ask, dance, half, grass, example, can't
[a:] [æ]
a ate
[e] [ei]
o [o] [a] hot, not, top, stop, problem
i [ai] [i] privacy, either, neither, vitamin
u [ju:] [u:] due, news, knew, tune
r – [r] reader, figure
[d]
little, city, cottage, auto, pretty, utter,
critic, party, water, forget it
t [t] NOTE:
Before
button, mountain, written
n [t]
t [t] [t∫] situation
s [s] [∫] issue
s [z] [ ] as you know, because
sch [sk] [∫] schedule
d [d] [d] education, would you, could you
e [ε] [i:] leisure
- ure [ ] [ ] figure
2. SPELLING
BE AE
- our colour - or color
favour favor
humour humor
vapour vapor
- re centre - re center
theatre theater
metre meter
- ll traveller -l traveler
jewellery jewelry
6
Preface 5
PART I: British and American English
1. Differences Between British English and American English 6
PART II: Grammar Review
2. Sentence Pattern 11
3. Nouns 12
4. Count and Non-Count Nouns 13
5. Articles 16
6. Distinction Between OTHER / ANOTHER 22
7. Tenses 23
8. Subject— Verb Agreement 31
9. Pronouns 35
10. Verbs as Compliments 40
11.Pronouns as Compliments 42
12.The Verb NEED 42
13. Questions:
Information Questions 43
Embedded Questions 45
Tag Questions 47
14. Negation 50
15. Affirmative and Negative Agreement 51
16. Conditional Sentences 52
17. USED TO / USED TO + Ving 60
18. Would Rather 63
19. Modals 64
20. Adjectives and Adverbs 66
21. Linking Verbs 69
22. Comparisons 70
23. Nouns Functioning as Adverbs 74
24. Hyphenated Adjectives 75
25. ENOUGH with Adjectives, Adverbs and Nouns 77
26. Cause Connectors: BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF; SO / SUCH 78
27. Passive Voice 82
28. Causative Verbs 84
29. Relative Clauses 87
30. Subjunctive 90
31. Inclusives: NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO, BOTH...AND, AS WELL AS 92
32. KNOW/KNOW HOW 93
33. Clauses of Concession: DESPITE / IN SPITE OF / ALTHOUGH 94
34. Problem Verbs 96
3
,PART III: Style in Written English
35. Sequence of Tenses 97
36. SAY/TELL 100
37. Antecedents of Pronouns 101
38.The Pronouns ONE and YOU 103
39.Illogical Participial Modifiers (Dangling Participles) 104
40.Participles as Adjectives 106
41. Redundancy 107
42.Wordiness 108
43.Parallel Structure 109
44. Transformation of Direct and Indirect Objects 112
45. Inversion 112
PART IV: Prepositions, Conjunctions and Problem Vocabulary
46.Prepositions 114
47. Conjunctions 118
48.Vocabulary 121
49. Structure and Written Expression
Test 1 134
Test 2 136
PART V: Idioms 139
Answer Keys 162
4
, Preface
At present many people want to study or to work abroad, or to work for a foreign
company in Russia. The first step to achieve this goal is to pass the test which certifies
your knowledge of English. For example, if your plans are connected with working or
studying in the USA, you have to pass the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign
Language).
The TOEFL is a timed test that consists of four sections:
1. Listening Comprehension (50 questions — 40 minutes);
2. Structure and Written Expression (40 questions — 25 minutes);
3. Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension (50 questions — 55 minutes).
4. Writing (30 minutes).
The maximum total score is 300 points.
In preparing for the TOEFL, or any other language examinations, it is very
important to review the language skills for each section of the examination and to have
an opportunity to make model tests that are similar to the actual examination.
Reviewing will help students recall some of the language skills that they have studied in
previous classes and other books.
It is assumed that students have studied grammar prior to reviewing for the
TOEFL, and that they are relatively fluent. The purpose of this workbook then, is to
provide students with a detailed review of the language skills for the Structure and
Written Expression section of the TOEFL, to sharpen these skills and to improve
accuracy.
TOEFL Grammar Review is divided into five parts covering the most frequently
tested problems necessary to pass Section 2 of the TOEFL. Part I shows differences
between American and British English. Parts II-IV include practice exercises designed
to improve the ability to recognize grammar and correct style in Written English. Two
TOEFL Structure and Written Expression Practice Tests included in Part IV will allow
to measure their ability to answer grammar questions in the TOEFL format. Part V
contains exercises testing American idioms.
The TOEFL Grammar Review includes answer keys which enable to use this
workbook as a self-study guide for independent out-of class work.
5
, PART I: BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
1. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISH ENGLISH
AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
1. PRONUNCIATION
Letter BE AE Examples
ask, dance, half, grass, example, can't
[a:] [æ]
a ate
[e] [ei]
o [o] [a] hot, not, top, stop, problem
i [ai] [i] privacy, either, neither, vitamin
u [ju:] [u:] due, news, knew, tune
r – [r] reader, figure
[d]
little, city, cottage, auto, pretty, utter,
critic, party, water, forget it
t [t] NOTE:
Before
button, mountain, written
n [t]
t [t] [t∫] situation
s [s] [∫] issue
s [z] [ ] as you know, because
sch [sk] [∫] schedule
d [d] [d] education, would you, could you
e [ε] [i:] leisure
- ure [ ] [ ] figure
2. SPELLING
BE AE
- our colour - or color
favour favor
humour humor
vapour vapor
- re centre - re center
theatre theater
metre meter
- ll traveller -l traveler
jewellery jewelry
6
