NSG-533 Exam 1 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND
NEW!!
5 essential components of pathophysiology - Correct Answer- 1. Etiology (causative
mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanisms)
4. Clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms, and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
7 general mechanisms of cell injury - Correct Answer- 1. ATP depletion
2. Mitochondrial damage
3. Accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
4. Membrane damage (depletion of ATP)
5. Protein folding defects
6. DNA damage defects
7. Calcium level alterations
3 cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced hypoxic injury - Correct Answer- 1.
Since not enough oxygen is reaching the cell, the amount of ATP production within the
mitochondria declines
2. When ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation declines, glycolysis
(anaerobic metabolism) increases
3. The decline in pH leads to rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of their
proteolytic enzymes = autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane
4 A&P occurrences that characterize all cell injury and death - Correct Answer- 1.
Impaired energy (ATP) production
2. Direct cell membrane damage/injury
3. Genetic alteration
4. Metabolic derangements
4 critical points at which ATP production may be impaired - Correct Answer- 1. Hypoxia
(the most common)
, 2. Hypoglycemia (far less common than hypoxia)
3. Inhibition of enzymes within the cell (extremely rare)
4. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation (extremely rare)
5 forms of direct cell membrane damage/injury - Correct Answer- 1. The effect of free
radicals (reactive oxygen species)
2. Activation of the complement system
3. Lysis by enzymes
4. Lysis by viruses
5. Physical and chemical stressors
2 forms of endogenous accumulations (metabolic derangements) - Correct Answer- 1.
Fat
2. Bilirubin
4 effects of free cytosolic calcium - Correct Answer- 1. Activation of protein kinases
2. Activation of phospholipases with phospholipid degradation and loss
3. Activation of proteases
4. Activation of endonuclease
Pyknosis - Correct Answer- Clumping of nuclear material
Karyorrhexis - Correct Answer- Fragmentation of the nuclear material
Karyolysis - Correct Answer- Dissolution of the nuclear material
3 mechanisms involved in apoptosis - Correct Answer- 1. Apoptosis triggered by
internal signals: the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway
2. Apoptosis triggered by external signals: the extrinsic or death receptor pathway
3. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)
Current TBW for water deficit - Correct Answer- weight in kg x (0.4 for women, 0.5 for
men, 0.6 for infants)
Ideal TBW - Correct Answer- (current Na X TBW) / 140
Water deficit - Correct Answer- (Current Na X TBW) / 140 - TBW
Current TBW for water excess - Correct Answer- weight in kg (0.5 for women, 0.6 for
men, 0.7 for infants)
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND
NEW!!
5 essential components of pathophysiology - Correct Answer- 1. Etiology (causative
mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanisms)
4. Clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms, and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
7 general mechanisms of cell injury - Correct Answer- 1. ATP depletion
2. Mitochondrial damage
3. Accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
4. Membrane damage (depletion of ATP)
5. Protein folding defects
6. DNA damage defects
7. Calcium level alterations
3 cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced hypoxic injury - Correct Answer- 1.
Since not enough oxygen is reaching the cell, the amount of ATP production within the
mitochondria declines
2. When ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation declines, glycolysis
(anaerobic metabolism) increases
3. The decline in pH leads to rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of their
proteolytic enzymes = autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane
4 A&P occurrences that characterize all cell injury and death - Correct Answer- 1.
Impaired energy (ATP) production
2. Direct cell membrane damage/injury
3. Genetic alteration
4. Metabolic derangements
4 critical points at which ATP production may be impaired - Correct Answer- 1. Hypoxia
(the most common)
, 2. Hypoglycemia (far less common than hypoxia)
3. Inhibition of enzymes within the cell (extremely rare)
4. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation (extremely rare)
5 forms of direct cell membrane damage/injury - Correct Answer- 1. The effect of free
radicals (reactive oxygen species)
2. Activation of the complement system
3. Lysis by enzymes
4. Lysis by viruses
5. Physical and chemical stressors
2 forms of endogenous accumulations (metabolic derangements) - Correct Answer- 1.
Fat
2. Bilirubin
4 effects of free cytosolic calcium - Correct Answer- 1. Activation of protein kinases
2. Activation of phospholipases with phospholipid degradation and loss
3. Activation of proteases
4. Activation of endonuclease
Pyknosis - Correct Answer- Clumping of nuclear material
Karyorrhexis - Correct Answer- Fragmentation of the nuclear material
Karyolysis - Correct Answer- Dissolution of the nuclear material
3 mechanisms involved in apoptosis - Correct Answer- 1. Apoptosis triggered by
internal signals: the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway
2. Apoptosis triggered by external signals: the extrinsic or death receptor pathway
3. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)
Current TBW for water deficit - Correct Answer- weight in kg x (0.4 for women, 0.5 for
men, 0.6 for infants)
Ideal TBW - Correct Answer- (current Na X TBW) / 140
Water deficit - Correct Answer- (Current Na X TBW) / 140 - TBW
Current TBW for water excess - Correct Answer- weight in kg (0.5 for women, 0.6 for
men, 0.7 for infants)
