PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NSG 533 EXAM 1 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
What are the five essential components of pathophysiology? - Answer - 1. Etiology
(Causative mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanism)
4. clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to happen? May be
simple/complex. - Answer - etiology
Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or populations. This
component of disease represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics (e.g. age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location) and the
incidence and prevalence of disease. - Answer - Epidemiology
Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus event(s) and the
manifestations of the disease. - Answer - pathogenesis
Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is wrong. e.g. Signs and
symptoms - Answer - Clinical manifestations
Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions (cure, remission,
chronicity, or death) - Answer - Outcomes
What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell injury and death? Give 2
examples of each. - Answer - 1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation injury, ischemia
reperfusion injury, microbial killing by phagocytes, and cellular aging
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia and certain chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can lead to liver or
kidney damage
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most of the
cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy to
,fuel normal activities of that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein
synthesis) and function. - Answer - ATP depletion
A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) - Answer - glycolysis
Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) - Answer - Oxidative
Phosphorylation
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? - Answer -
hypoxia
Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy production in
the cell. - Answer - Ischemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? - Answer
- 1. The amount of ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which then leads to
increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic
metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are
depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also = intracellular pH
decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of pH and even slight drop can
incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to
fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of nuclear
membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH= rupture of already swollen lysosomes and
release of proteolytic enzymes= autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles= activate
proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the cell.
Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring. They have a particular
affinity for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or organelle membrane. "Drill
a hole" in the membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of cellular metabolism, and
they are always present in the body. - Answer - Free radicals
Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant species in cells during
mitochondrial respiration and energy generation. Most sources come from the
, mitochondria. Made during the process of making ATP. - Answer - Reactive oxygen
species (ROS)
Remove free radicals and ROS from our system. - Answer - Antioxidants
When free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm our antioxidants or when
antioxidants are decreased. - Answer - Oxidative Stress
What can occur within the cell when injury is induced by free radicals? - Answer - 1.
membrane damage
2. protein modifications
3. mutations in DNA
4. Damage to cell signaling pathways
Genetic disturbances can be _______ if they involve the germ cell line of an individual -
Answer - inherited
Genetic disturbances can also be _______ by exposure to some mutagenic/
carcinogenic environmental factors - Answer - acquired
Enzymes secreted by microorganisms can breakdown cell membranes once introduced
into the body= _______
Allows the organisms to dissolve surrounding tissues and allows them to move deeper
into the tissues, blood, and lymphatics. - Answer - lysis by enzymes
Certain viruses, once they have infected a cell, will cause membrane rupture as newly
produced viral particles (virions) leave the host cell= ________. Sometimes referred to
as lytic viruses. Examples include HIV and Hep B. - Answer - Lysis by virus
Involve the abnormal accumulation of substances that are normally found in the body
(endogenous agents) or not normally found in the body (exogenous agents). - Answer -
Metabolic derangements
Give 2 examples of endogenous accumulations in the body. - Answer - 1. Lipids: Fatty
changes occurs most often in liver cells but can also be problem in myocardial cells.
Liver handles fats and synthesizes complex fats and lipoproteins. Slow accumulation of
fat within hepatic or myocardial cells usually does not impair the function of those cells
until the problem is extreme. However, fatty change can occur in acute basis and can
lead to acute heart or liver failure.
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
What are the five essential components of pathophysiology? - Answer - 1. Etiology
(Causative mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanism)
4. clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to happen? May be
simple/complex. - Answer - etiology
Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or populations. This
component of disease represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics (e.g. age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location) and the
incidence and prevalence of disease. - Answer - Epidemiology
Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus event(s) and the
manifestations of the disease. - Answer - pathogenesis
Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is wrong. e.g. Signs and
symptoms - Answer - Clinical manifestations
Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions (cure, remission,
chronicity, or death) - Answer - Outcomes
What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell injury and death? Give 2
examples of each. - Answer - 1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation injury, ischemia
reperfusion injury, microbial killing by phagocytes, and cellular aging
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia and certain chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can lead to liver or
kidney damage
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most of the
cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy to
,fuel normal activities of that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein
synthesis) and function. - Answer - ATP depletion
A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) - Answer - glycolysis
Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) - Answer - Oxidative
Phosphorylation
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? - Answer -
hypoxia
Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy production in
the cell. - Answer - Ischemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? - Answer
- 1. The amount of ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which then leads to
increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic
metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are
depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also = intracellular pH
decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of pH and even slight drop can
incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to
fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of nuclear
membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH= rupture of already swollen lysosomes and
release of proteolytic enzymes= autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles= activate
proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the cell.
Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring. They have a particular
affinity for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or organelle membrane. "Drill
a hole" in the membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of cellular metabolism, and
they are always present in the body. - Answer - Free radicals
Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant species in cells during
mitochondrial respiration and energy generation. Most sources come from the
, mitochondria. Made during the process of making ATP. - Answer - Reactive oxygen
species (ROS)
Remove free radicals and ROS from our system. - Answer - Antioxidants
When free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm our antioxidants or when
antioxidants are decreased. - Answer - Oxidative Stress
What can occur within the cell when injury is induced by free radicals? - Answer - 1.
membrane damage
2. protein modifications
3. mutations in DNA
4. Damage to cell signaling pathways
Genetic disturbances can be _______ if they involve the germ cell line of an individual -
Answer - inherited
Genetic disturbances can also be _______ by exposure to some mutagenic/
carcinogenic environmental factors - Answer - acquired
Enzymes secreted by microorganisms can breakdown cell membranes once introduced
into the body= _______
Allows the organisms to dissolve surrounding tissues and allows them to move deeper
into the tissues, blood, and lymphatics. - Answer - lysis by enzymes
Certain viruses, once they have infected a cell, will cause membrane rupture as newly
produced viral particles (virions) leave the host cell= ________. Sometimes referred to
as lytic viruses. Examples include HIV and Hep B. - Answer - Lysis by virus
Involve the abnormal accumulation of substances that are normally found in the body
(endogenous agents) or not normally found in the body (exogenous agents). - Answer -
Metabolic derangements
Give 2 examples of endogenous accumulations in the body. - Answer - 1. Lipids: Fatty
changes occurs most often in liver cells but can also be problem in myocardial cells.
Liver handles fats and synthesizes complex fats and lipoproteins. Slow accumulation of
fat within hepatic or myocardial cells usually does not impair the function of those cells
until the problem is extreme. However, fatty change can occur in acute basis and can
lead to acute heart or liver failure.
