DURBAN HIGH SCHOOL
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
GRADE 8
,LABORATORY EQUIPMENT 6
MATTER AND MATERIALS 12
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS 12
ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE 13
ELEMENT NAMES 13
CHEMICAL SYMBOLS 13
ATOMIC NUMBERS 15
THE PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS 15
THE REGIONS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE 17
PERIODS 17
GROUPS 18
ALKALI METALS 19
ALKALINE EARTH METALS 19
TRANSITION METALS 19
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS 20
OTHER METALS 20
METALLOIDS 20
NON-METALS 20
HALOGENS 21
NOBLE GASES 21
SUMMARY 21
SEPARATING MIXTURES 22
MIXTURES 22
DIFFERENT KINDS OF MIXTURES 22
A MIXTURE OF A SOLID AND A SOLID 22
A MIXTURE OF A SOLID AND A LIQUID 22
A MIXTURE OF A SOLID AND A GAS 23
A MIXTURE OF A LIQUID AND A LIQUID 23
A MIXTURE OF A GAS AND A GAS 24
A MIXTURE OF A LIQUID AND A GAS 24
METHODS OF PHYSICAL SEPARATION 24
HOW DO WE SEPARATE SOLIDS IN MIXTURES? 25
HAND SORTING 25
SIEVING 25
FILTRATION 26
MAGNETIC SEPARATION 27
SEPARATING SOLUTIONS 28
SEPARATION BY EVAPORATION 28
DISTILLATION 29
CHROMATOGRAPHY 30
SORTING AND RECYCLING MATERIALS 32
HOW IS HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES? 32
SOURCES OF ENERGY 33
, RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY 33
FOSSIL FUELS 34
NUCLEAR FUELS 37
RENEWABLE SOURCES 37
POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY 39
POTENTIAL ENERGY 39
KINETIC ENERGY 42
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 42
HEAT TRANSFER 43
HEATING AS A TRANSFER OF ENERGY 43
CONDUCTION 43
CONVECTION 45
RADIATION 46
INSULATION AND ENERGY SAVING 47
USING INSULATING MATERIALS 48
ENERGY TRANSFER TO SURROUNDINGS 49
USEFUL AND WASTED ENERGY 50
ATOMS 50
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER 50
WHAT ARE ATOMS? 51
WHAT ARE ELEMENTS? 52
A MODEL OF THE ATOM 54
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES 54
PROTONS 54
NEUTRONS 55
ELECTRONS 55
PURE SUBSTANCES 55
ELEMENTS 56
COMPOUNDS 57
CHEMICAL FORMULAE 58
HOW DO ATOMS 'COMBINE'? 59
CHEMICAL BONDS 59
CHEMICAL REACTIONS 60
MIXTURES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS 60
SUMMARY 62
PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER 63
WHAT IS THE PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER? 63
WHAT DOES THE PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER TEACH US? 64
WHY IS THE PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER SO USEFUL? 64
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES 65
Watch this video - States of Matter 65
THE SOLID STATE 65
THE LIQUID STATE 66
, THE GASEOUS STATE 67
DIFFUSION 68
RANDOM MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES 70
CHANGES OF STATE 72
MELTING AND EVAPORATION 72
IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EVAPORATION AND BOILING? 73
CONDENSATION AND SOLIDIFYING 74
DENSITY, MASS AND VOLUME 75
DENSITY AND STATES OF MATTER 77
DENSITY OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS 79
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF MATERIALS 82
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION IN A THERMOMETER 83
PRESSURE 83
HOW DOES HEATING OR COOLING A GAS CHANGE ITS PRESSURE? 86
HOW DOES CHANGING THE VOLUME OF A GAS CHANGE ITS PRESSURE? 86
SUMMARY 87
CHEMICAL REACTIONS 88
HOW DO WE KNOW A CHEMICAL REACTION HAS TAKEN PLACE? 88
REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS 88
A CHEMICAL REACTION IS A REARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS 88
FERMENTATION IS A CHEMICAL REACTION 90
CHEMICAL REACTIONS CAN HELP US TO DETECT CERTAIN SUBSTANCES 91
CAREERS IN CHEMISTRY 92
SUMMARY 93
ENERGY AND CHANGE 94
STATIC ELECTRICITY 94
FRICTION AND STATIC ELECTRICITY 94
VAN DE GRAAFF GENERATOR 98
ELECTROSCOPE 98
SUMMARY 100
ENERGY TRANSFER IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 100
CIRCUITS AND CURRENT ELECTRICITY 100
WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC CURRENT? 100
CELLS 101
RESISTORS 102
EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT 103
HEATING EFFECT 103
WHAT ARE FUSES? 104
WHAT IS A SHORT CIRCUIT? 104
MAGNETIC EFFECT 105
CHEMICAL EFFECT 107
SILVER REFINING THROUGH ELECTROLYSIS 107
SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 107
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
GRADE 8
,LABORATORY EQUIPMENT 6
MATTER AND MATERIALS 12
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS 12
ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE 13
ELEMENT NAMES 13
CHEMICAL SYMBOLS 13
ATOMIC NUMBERS 15
THE PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS 15
THE REGIONS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE 17
PERIODS 17
GROUPS 18
ALKALI METALS 19
ALKALINE EARTH METALS 19
TRANSITION METALS 19
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS 20
OTHER METALS 20
METALLOIDS 20
NON-METALS 20
HALOGENS 21
NOBLE GASES 21
SUMMARY 21
SEPARATING MIXTURES 22
MIXTURES 22
DIFFERENT KINDS OF MIXTURES 22
A MIXTURE OF A SOLID AND A SOLID 22
A MIXTURE OF A SOLID AND A LIQUID 22
A MIXTURE OF A SOLID AND A GAS 23
A MIXTURE OF A LIQUID AND A LIQUID 23
A MIXTURE OF A GAS AND A GAS 24
A MIXTURE OF A LIQUID AND A GAS 24
METHODS OF PHYSICAL SEPARATION 24
HOW DO WE SEPARATE SOLIDS IN MIXTURES? 25
HAND SORTING 25
SIEVING 25
FILTRATION 26
MAGNETIC SEPARATION 27
SEPARATING SOLUTIONS 28
SEPARATION BY EVAPORATION 28
DISTILLATION 29
CHROMATOGRAPHY 30
SORTING AND RECYCLING MATERIALS 32
HOW IS HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES? 32
SOURCES OF ENERGY 33
, RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY 33
FOSSIL FUELS 34
NUCLEAR FUELS 37
RENEWABLE SOURCES 37
POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY 39
POTENTIAL ENERGY 39
KINETIC ENERGY 42
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 42
HEAT TRANSFER 43
HEATING AS A TRANSFER OF ENERGY 43
CONDUCTION 43
CONVECTION 45
RADIATION 46
INSULATION AND ENERGY SAVING 47
USING INSULATING MATERIALS 48
ENERGY TRANSFER TO SURROUNDINGS 49
USEFUL AND WASTED ENERGY 50
ATOMS 50
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER 50
WHAT ARE ATOMS? 51
WHAT ARE ELEMENTS? 52
A MODEL OF THE ATOM 54
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES 54
PROTONS 54
NEUTRONS 55
ELECTRONS 55
PURE SUBSTANCES 55
ELEMENTS 56
COMPOUNDS 57
CHEMICAL FORMULAE 58
HOW DO ATOMS 'COMBINE'? 59
CHEMICAL BONDS 59
CHEMICAL REACTIONS 60
MIXTURES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS 60
SUMMARY 62
PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER 63
WHAT IS THE PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER? 63
WHAT DOES THE PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER TEACH US? 64
WHY IS THE PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER SO USEFUL? 64
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES 65
Watch this video - States of Matter 65
THE SOLID STATE 65
THE LIQUID STATE 66
, THE GASEOUS STATE 67
DIFFUSION 68
RANDOM MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES 70
CHANGES OF STATE 72
MELTING AND EVAPORATION 72
IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EVAPORATION AND BOILING? 73
CONDENSATION AND SOLIDIFYING 74
DENSITY, MASS AND VOLUME 75
DENSITY AND STATES OF MATTER 77
DENSITY OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS 79
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF MATERIALS 82
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION IN A THERMOMETER 83
PRESSURE 83
HOW DOES HEATING OR COOLING A GAS CHANGE ITS PRESSURE? 86
HOW DOES CHANGING THE VOLUME OF A GAS CHANGE ITS PRESSURE? 86
SUMMARY 87
CHEMICAL REACTIONS 88
HOW DO WE KNOW A CHEMICAL REACTION HAS TAKEN PLACE? 88
REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS 88
A CHEMICAL REACTION IS A REARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS 88
FERMENTATION IS A CHEMICAL REACTION 90
CHEMICAL REACTIONS CAN HELP US TO DETECT CERTAIN SUBSTANCES 91
CAREERS IN CHEMISTRY 92
SUMMARY 93
ENERGY AND CHANGE 94
STATIC ELECTRICITY 94
FRICTION AND STATIC ELECTRICITY 94
VAN DE GRAAFF GENERATOR 98
ELECTROSCOPE 98
SUMMARY 100
ENERGY TRANSFER IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 100
CIRCUITS AND CURRENT ELECTRICITY 100
WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC CURRENT? 100
CELLS 101
RESISTORS 102
EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT 103
HEATING EFFECT 103
WHAT ARE FUSES? 104
WHAT IS A SHORT CIRCUIT? 104
MAGNETIC EFFECT 105
CHEMICAL EFFECT 107
SILVER REFINING THROUGH ELECTROLYSIS 107
SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 107
