APEX Unit 1 – Respiratory Latest Update 2025-
2026 Exam 100 Questions with 100% Verified
Correct Answers Guaranteed A+
-Which muscles tense and relax the vocal cords? - CORRECT ANSWER: -Cricothyroid:
"Cords Tense"
-Thyroarytenoid: "They Relax"
Compare and contrast pulmonary function tests in obstructive vs restrictive lung
disease. - CORRECT ANSWER:
Compare and contrast the benefits of awake vs deep intubation. - CORRECT ANSWER:
Contrast the location and function of the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. -
CORRECT ANSWER: Central Chemoreceptor
-Located in the medulla
-Responds to the H+ concentration in the CSF (a function of the PaCO2 in blood)
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
-Located in the carotid bodies (Nerves of Hering - Glossopharyngeal n.)
-Located in the aortic arch (Vagus n.)
-Respond to decreased O2, increased CO2, and increased H+
Contrast the maximum recommended cuff pressures for an endotracheal tube vs. LMA.
- CORRECT ANSWER: -ETT < 25 mmHg
-LMA < 60 mmHg
,Contrast the maximum recommended peak inspiratory pressures for an LMA-Unique vs
LMA-Proseal vs LMA-Supreme. - CORRECT ANSWER: -LMA-Unique = < 20 cmH2O
-LMA-ProSeal = < 30 cmH2O
-LMA-Supreme = < 30 cmH2O
Define pulmonary hypertension and discuss the goals of anesthetic management. -
CORRECT ANSWER: -Pulmonary hypertension = Mean PAP > 25 mmHg
-Causes: COPD, left sided heart disease
-Goals: Optimize PVR
Define restrictive lung disease. - CORRECT ANSWER: Characterized by:
-Impaired lung expansion
-Decreased lung volumes
-Normal pulmonary flow rates
Define the 4 types of dead space - CORRECT ANSWER: -Anatomic Vd: Air confined to
the conducting airways
-Alveolar Vd: Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused
-Physiologic Vd: Anatomic Vd + Alveolar Vd
-Apparatus Vd: Vd added by equipment
Define the 5 lung volumes, and give reference values for each - CORRECT ANSWER:
, Define the alveolar gas equation - CORRECT ANSWER: PAO2 = FiO2 x (Pb - PH2O) -
(PaCO2/RQ)
-Pb = Atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg at sea level)
-PH2O = 47 mmHg
-RQ = Respiratory quotient = 0.8
Normal = 105.98 mmHg
Define the West zones of the lung - CORRECT ANSWER: Zone I
-PA > Pa > Pv
-Dead space - ventilation without perfusion
Zone II
-Pa > PA > Pv
-Waterfall - normal physiology
Zone III
-Pa > Pv > PA
-Shunt - perfusion without ventilation
Zone IV
-Pa > Pist > Pv > PA
-Pressure in the interstitial space impairs ventilation and perfusion
Describe how the respiratory muscles function during the breathing cycle - CORRECT
ANSWER: Inspiration
-Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
2026 Exam 100 Questions with 100% Verified
Correct Answers Guaranteed A+
-Which muscles tense and relax the vocal cords? - CORRECT ANSWER: -Cricothyroid:
"Cords Tense"
-Thyroarytenoid: "They Relax"
Compare and contrast pulmonary function tests in obstructive vs restrictive lung
disease. - CORRECT ANSWER:
Compare and contrast the benefits of awake vs deep intubation. - CORRECT ANSWER:
Contrast the location and function of the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. -
CORRECT ANSWER: Central Chemoreceptor
-Located in the medulla
-Responds to the H+ concentration in the CSF (a function of the PaCO2 in blood)
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
-Located in the carotid bodies (Nerves of Hering - Glossopharyngeal n.)
-Located in the aortic arch (Vagus n.)
-Respond to decreased O2, increased CO2, and increased H+
Contrast the maximum recommended cuff pressures for an endotracheal tube vs. LMA.
- CORRECT ANSWER: -ETT < 25 mmHg
-LMA < 60 mmHg
,Contrast the maximum recommended peak inspiratory pressures for an LMA-Unique vs
LMA-Proseal vs LMA-Supreme. - CORRECT ANSWER: -LMA-Unique = < 20 cmH2O
-LMA-ProSeal = < 30 cmH2O
-LMA-Supreme = < 30 cmH2O
Define pulmonary hypertension and discuss the goals of anesthetic management. -
CORRECT ANSWER: -Pulmonary hypertension = Mean PAP > 25 mmHg
-Causes: COPD, left sided heart disease
-Goals: Optimize PVR
Define restrictive lung disease. - CORRECT ANSWER: Characterized by:
-Impaired lung expansion
-Decreased lung volumes
-Normal pulmonary flow rates
Define the 4 types of dead space - CORRECT ANSWER: -Anatomic Vd: Air confined to
the conducting airways
-Alveolar Vd: Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused
-Physiologic Vd: Anatomic Vd + Alveolar Vd
-Apparatus Vd: Vd added by equipment
Define the 5 lung volumes, and give reference values for each - CORRECT ANSWER:
, Define the alveolar gas equation - CORRECT ANSWER: PAO2 = FiO2 x (Pb - PH2O) -
(PaCO2/RQ)
-Pb = Atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg at sea level)
-PH2O = 47 mmHg
-RQ = Respiratory quotient = 0.8
Normal = 105.98 mmHg
Define the West zones of the lung - CORRECT ANSWER: Zone I
-PA > Pa > Pv
-Dead space - ventilation without perfusion
Zone II
-Pa > PA > Pv
-Waterfall - normal physiology
Zone III
-Pa > Pv > PA
-Shunt - perfusion without ventilation
Zone IV
-Pa > Pist > Pv > PA
-Pressure in the interstitial space impairs ventilation and perfusion
Describe how the respiratory muscles function during the breathing cycle - CORRECT
ANSWER: Inspiration
-Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
