Aka "Indispensable amino acids."
Proteins •
• Amino acids that the human body
Proteins (contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, cannot synthesize from metabolic
Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur (CHONS) intermediates
• Among the most abundant organic • amino acids that cannot be made by
molecules in living systems and are way the body.
more diverse in structure and function • These amino acids must come from
than other classes of macromolecules. a person's diet, as the human body
• Protein is a chain of amino acids bound to lacks the metabolic pathways
one another by peptide bonds like a string required to synthesize these amino
of beads, and they get twisted and folded acids.
into a final protein shape. When we eat
protein it gets broken down into its individual • Nonessential amino acids
Amino acids • Aka "Dispensable amino acids"
• A single cell can contain thousands of • amino acids that the human body is
proteins, each with a unique function. capable of synthesizing using only
Although their structures, like their the essential amino acids.
functions, vary greatly, all proteins are • the body is able to produce them.
made up of one or more chains of amino • Nonessential amino acids do not
acids. need to come from the diet.
• Protein is made up of 22 amino acids, nine
of which are essential, meaning we have to
get them through food because our bodies • Conditionally Essential amino acids
cannot produce them. • amino acids that become essential
• Each gram of protein provides 4 calories. in certain situations. (Stress and
You have to eat protein every day. Illness)
• The body can't store protein like it can • certain amino acids are
carbohydrates and fat. conditionally essential depending
on a person's metabolic state.
The two main food groups that contribute to • For example, the article states that
protein are the: amino acids like arginine and
• lean meat and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts histidine may be considered
and seeds and legumes/beans' group conditionally essential because the
• milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or alternatives body cannot synthesize them in
(mostly reduced fat)' group. sufficient quantities during certain
physiological periods of growth,
such as pregnancy, adolescent
Polypeptide Polypeptide growth, recovery from trauma, etc.
• an unbranched chain of amino acids that are
linked together by peptide bonds.
• The peptide bond links the carboxyl group of Essential amino acids
one amino acid to the amine group of the • Histidine
next amino acid to form an amide. • plays many roles in immunity,
gastric secretion and sexual
functions.
Structure of an Amino Acid • protects tissues against damage
• Each amino acid has the same fundamental caused by radiation and heavy
structure, which consists of a central metals.
carbon atom, also known as the alpha (a) • Meat, fish, poultry, nuts,
carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), seeds and whole grains
a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a often contain significant
hydrogen atom. amounts of histidine
• Isoleucine
Classification of Amino Acid • has diverse physiological
functions. Isoleucine assists
• Essential amino acids wound healing, helps detoxify
, nitrogenous wastes, stimulates • Methionine also acts as a Lipotropic
the immune system and promotes agents (promote, encourage, and
secretion of several hormones. support the removal of fat from the
• Necessary for regulating blood liver) and prevents excess fat
sugar and energy levels, isoleucine buildup in the liver.
is concentrated in human muscle • Foods high in methionine
tissues. include eggs, meat, fish,
• Isoleucine is plentiful in sesame, Brazil nuts, and
foods like meats, fish, cereal grains.
cheese, eggs and most
seeds and nuts. • Threonine
• a residue of many proteins, such as
• Leucine tooth enamel, collagen and
• aids in the regulation of blood- elastin.
sugar levels, growth and repair of • A crucial amino acid for the nervous
muscles and bone tissue, and system, playing an important role in
growth hormone production. fat metabolism and preventing fat
• helps with wound healing and buildup in the liver.
prevents breakdown of muscle • Used to alleviate anxiety
proteins after trauma or severe and mild depression. Like
stress. phenylalanine, popular
• While all essential amino acids are protein foods like lean beef,
important for building muscle, chicken, pork, tuna, tofu,
leucine is the one that jumpstarts beans, milk, cheese, eggs,
muscle building. seeds and nuts are often
• NLM notes that a leucine high in threonine
deficiency is rare, as
leucine is available in many • Tryptophan
foods → cheese, soybeans, • needed to maintain proper nitrogen
beef, chicken, pork, nuts, balance.
seeds, quinoa, fish, seafood, • It's a precursor to Serotonin, a
beans, etc. neurotransmitter that regulates
your mood, appetite and sleep.
• Lysine • Tryptophan can be found in
• plays an important role in protein foods like chocolate,
synthesis, hormone and enzyme poultry, milk, yogurt, cheese,
production and the absorption of red meat, eggs, fish, oats,
calcium. dried dates, sesame,
• It also aids in the production of chickpeas, almonds,
collagen and Elastin which are sunflower seeds, pumpkin
important components of the skin seeds and peanuts.
and connective tissue.
• Popular protein foods like
lean beef, chicken, pork, Amino Acid
fish, shellfish, tofu, cheese, The amino acids are classified by the polarity
milk, beans, lentils and peas of the R group side chains, and whether they
contain lysine. are acidic or basic
• neutral, nonpolar
• Methionine • neutral, polar
• required for growth and tissue • basic, polar (contains an additional amino
repair. (for Liver Disease e.g. Fatty group)
Liver) • acidic, polar (contains an additional
• It plays an important role in carboxylate group)
metabolism and detoxification,
and it's necessary for tissue • Picture on page "Protein"
growth and the absorption of the • All proteins are polymers (small protein
minerals zinc and selenium. molecules) containing chains of amino
Proteins •
• Amino acids that the human body
Proteins (contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, cannot synthesize from metabolic
Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur (CHONS) intermediates
• Among the most abundant organic • amino acids that cannot be made by
molecules in living systems and are way the body.
more diverse in structure and function • These amino acids must come from
than other classes of macromolecules. a person's diet, as the human body
• Protein is a chain of amino acids bound to lacks the metabolic pathways
one another by peptide bonds like a string required to synthesize these amino
of beads, and they get twisted and folded acids.
into a final protein shape. When we eat
protein it gets broken down into its individual • Nonessential amino acids
Amino acids • Aka "Dispensable amino acids"
• A single cell can contain thousands of • amino acids that the human body is
proteins, each with a unique function. capable of synthesizing using only
Although their structures, like their the essential amino acids.
functions, vary greatly, all proteins are • the body is able to produce them.
made up of one or more chains of amino • Nonessential amino acids do not
acids. need to come from the diet.
• Protein is made up of 22 amino acids, nine
of which are essential, meaning we have to
get them through food because our bodies • Conditionally Essential amino acids
cannot produce them. • amino acids that become essential
• Each gram of protein provides 4 calories. in certain situations. (Stress and
You have to eat protein every day. Illness)
• The body can't store protein like it can • certain amino acids are
carbohydrates and fat. conditionally essential depending
on a person's metabolic state.
The two main food groups that contribute to • For example, the article states that
protein are the: amino acids like arginine and
• lean meat and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts histidine may be considered
and seeds and legumes/beans' group conditionally essential because the
• milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or alternatives body cannot synthesize them in
(mostly reduced fat)' group. sufficient quantities during certain
physiological periods of growth,
such as pregnancy, adolescent
Polypeptide Polypeptide growth, recovery from trauma, etc.
• an unbranched chain of amino acids that are
linked together by peptide bonds.
• The peptide bond links the carboxyl group of Essential amino acids
one amino acid to the amine group of the • Histidine
next amino acid to form an amide. • plays many roles in immunity,
gastric secretion and sexual
functions.
Structure of an Amino Acid • protects tissues against damage
• Each amino acid has the same fundamental caused by radiation and heavy
structure, which consists of a central metals.
carbon atom, also known as the alpha (a) • Meat, fish, poultry, nuts,
carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), seeds and whole grains
a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a often contain significant
hydrogen atom. amounts of histidine
• Isoleucine
Classification of Amino Acid • has diverse physiological
functions. Isoleucine assists
• Essential amino acids wound healing, helps detoxify
, nitrogenous wastes, stimulates • Methionine also acts as a Lipotropic
the immune system and promotes agents (promote, encourage, and
secretion of several hormones. support the removal of fat from the
• Necessary for regulating blood liver) and prevents excess fat
sugar and energy levels, isoleucine buildup in the liver.
is concentrated in human muscle • Foods high in methionine
tissues. include eggs, meat, fish,
• Isoleucine is plentiful in sesame, Brazil nuts, and
foods like meats, fish, cereal grains.
cheese, eggs and most
seeds and nuts. • Threonine
• a residue of many proteins, such as
• Leucine tooth enamel, collagen and
• aids in the regulation of blood- elastin.
sugar levels, growth and repair of • A crucial amino acid for the nervous
muscles and bone tissue, and system, playing an important role in
growth hormone production. fat metabolism and preventing fat
• helps with wound healing and buildup in the liver.
prevents breakdown of muscle • Used to alleviate anxiety
proteins after trauma or severe and mild depression. Like
stress. phenylalanine, popular
• While all essential amino acids are protein foods like lean beef,
important for building muscle, chicken, pork, tuna, tofu,
leucine is the one that jumpstarts beans, milk, cheese, eggs,
muscle building. seeds and nuts are often
• NLM notes that a leucine high in threonine
deficiency is rare, as
leucine is available in many • Tryptophan
foods → cheese, soybeans, • needed to maintain proper nitrogen
beef, chicken, pork, nuts, balance.
seeds, quinoa, fish, seafood, • It's a precursor to Serotonin, a
beans, etc. neurotransmitter that regulates
your mood, appetite and sleep.
• Lysine • Tryptophan can be found in
• plays an important role in protein foods like chocolate,
synthesis, hormone and enzyme poultry, milk, yogurt, cheese,
production and the absorption of red meat, eggs, fish, oats,
calcium. dried dates, sesame,
• It also aids in the production of chickpeas, almonds,
collagen and Elastin which are sunflower seeds, pumpkin
important components of the skin seeds and peanuts.
and connective tissue.
• Popular protein foods like
lean beef, chicken, pork, Amino Acid
fish, shellfish, tofu, cheese, The amino acids are classified by the polarity
milk, beans, lentils and peas of the R group side chains, and whether they
contain lysine. are acidic or basic
• neutral, nonpolar
• Methionine • neutral, polar
• required for growth and tissue • basic, polar (contains an additional amino
repair. (for Liver Disease e.g. Fatty group)
Liver) • acidic, polar (contains an additional
• It plays an important role in carboxylate group)
metabolism and detoxification,
and it's necessary for tissue • Picture on page "Protein"
growth and the absorption of the • All proteins are polymers (small protein
minerals zinc and selenium. molecules) containing chains of amino
