Lipids formed from two
phospholipid molecules.
layers of
Lipids are biological molecules that Membranes function to separate
are insoluble in water but soluble individual cells from their
in nonpolar solvents. environments and to
Lipids have a wider spectrum of compartmentalize the cell interior
compositions and structures because into structures that carry out special
they are defined in terms of their functions.
physical properties (water solubility). So important is this
Lipids are the waxy, greasy, or oily compartmentalizing function that
compounds found in plants and membranes, and the lipids that form
animals. them, must have been essential to
wax coating that protects the origin of life itself.
plants
used as energy storage
structural components (cell
membranes)
insulation against cold
In normal people, the amount of
lipids accounts for 25% of body
weight, and most of them are
stored in adipose tissue (aka
body fat) in the form of
triglycerides, which are variable
lipids.
Lipoid is the basic structure of
the tissue, called basic or fixed CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The most chemically reactive
fat, accounting for 5% of the total
lipid content. portion of fatty acids is the
The lipids present in various acidic carboxyl group (COOH). It
tissues are body fats, and the reacts with alcohols (R'OH) to form
body fat stores huge energy. products known as Esters (RCOOR')
and releases water in the process.
Lipid, any of a diverse group of
ESTER
organic compounds including fats,
the principal covalent bond
oils, hormones, and certain
components of membranes that are linking fatty acid moieties to
grouped together because they do other groups in the more-
not interact appreciably with water. complex lipids.
ETHER
occurring much less
One type of lipid, the triglycerides,
is sequestered as fat in adipose frequently in biological lipids
cells, which serve as the energy- involving fatty acids
Ether bonds are chemically
storage depot for organisms and
also provide thermal insulation. more stable than ester
bonds.
Some lipids such as steroid
hormones serve as chemical
messengers between cells,
tissues, and organs, and others
communicate signals between
biochemical systems within a single
cell.
The membranes of cells and
organelles (structures within cells)
are microscopically thin structures
, A non-saponifiable class is made up
Fatty acid ethyl esters have been of "fat-soluble" A and E vitamins
implicated as important mediators and cholesterol.
of ethanol-induced cytotoxicity, Under basic conditions -- like
organ damage, and disease. phospholipids, glycolipids,
sphingolipids, and the waxes-- it can
In addition, they serve as specific be hydrolyzed.
and sensitive biomarkers for
ethanol intake. Following ethanol
consumption, FAEE (fatty acid ethyl
esters) are found in circulating FATTY ACID
blood bound to albumin or/and Saturated fatty acids
lipoproteins. The simplest fatty acids are
unbranched, linear chains
of CH2(Methylene) groups
LIPID DIVISION linked by carbon-carbon single
1. Saponifiable lipids bonds with one terminal
contain esters, which can carboxylic acid group.
undergo saponification The term saturated indicates
(hydrolysis under basic that the maximum possible
conditions). number of hydrogen atoms
Simple lipids are bonded to each carbon
contain two types of in the molecule.
components (a fatty Many saturated fatty acids
acid and an alcohol) have a trivial or common
Ex: waxes, name as well as a chemically
triglycerides descriptive systematic name.
Complex lipids
contain more than Unsaturated fatty acids
two components Unsaturated fatty acids have
(fatty acids, an one or more carbon-carbon
alcohol, and other double bonds. The term
components) unsaturated indicates that
Ex: fewer than the maximum
Phosphoglycerides, possible number of
Sphingolipids hydrogen atoms are
bonded to each carbon in
the molecule.
The number of double
bonds is indicated by the
generic name-
monounsaturated for
molecules with one double
bond or polyunsaturated
for molecules with two or
more double bonds.
Oleic acid (omega 9) is an
example of a
monounsaturated fatty
acid.
2. Non-saponifiable lipids
do not contain ester groups, and
cannot be saponified (steroids,
prostaglandins)
phospholipid molecules.
layers of
Lipids are biological molecules that Membranes function to separate
are insoluble in water but soluble individual cells from their
in nonpolar solvents. environments and to
Lipids have a wider spectrum of compartmentalize the cell interior
compositions and structures because into structures that carry out special
they are defined in terms of their functions.
physical properties (water solubility). So important is this
Lipids are the waxy, greasy, or oily compartmentalizing function that
compounds found in plants and membranes, and the lipids that form
animals. them, must have been essential to
wax coating that protects the origin of life itself.
plants
used as energy storage
structural components (cell
membranes)
insulation against cold
In normal people, the amount of
lipids accounts for 25% of body
weight, and most of them are
stored in adipose tissue (aka
body fat) in the form of
triglycerides, which are variable
lipids.
Lipoid is the basic structure of
the tissue, called basic or fixed CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The most chemically reactive
fat, accounting for 5% of the total
lipid content. portion of fatty acids is the
The lipids present in various acidic carboxyl group (COOH). It
tissues are body fats, and the reacts with alcohols (R'OH) to form
body fat stores huge energy. products known as Esters (RCOOR')
and releases water in the process.
Lipid, any of a diverse group of
ESTER
organic compounds including fats,
the principal covalent bond
oils, hormones, and certain
components of membranes that are linking fatty acid moieties to
grouped together because they do other groups in the more-
not interact appreciably with water. complex lipids.
ETHER
occurring much less
One type of lipid, the triglycerides,
is sequestered as fat in adipose frequently in biological lipids
cells, which serve as the energy- involving fatty acids
Ether bonds are chemically
storage depot for organisms and
also provide thermal insulation. more stable than ester
bonds.
Some lipids such as steroid
hormones serve as chemical
messengers between cells,
tissues, and organs, and others
communicate signals between
biochemical systems within a single
cell.
The membranes of cells and
organelles (structures within cells)
are microscopically thin structures
, A non-saponifiable class is made up
Fatty acid ethyl esters have been of "fat-soluble" A and E vitamins
implicated as important mediators and cholesterol.
of ethanol-induced cytotoxicity, Under basic conditions -- like
organ damage, and disease. phospholipids, glycolipids,
sphingolipids, and the waxes-- it can
In addition, they serve as specific be hydrolyzed.
and sensitive biomarkers for
ethanol intake. Following ethanol
consumption, FAEE (fatty acid ethyl
esters) are found in circulating FATTY ACID
blood bound to albumin or/and Saturated fatty acids
lipoproteins. The simplest fatty acids are
unbranched, linear chains
of CH2(Methylene) groups
LIPID DIVISION linked by carbon-carbon single
1. Saponifiable lipids bonds with one terminal
contain esters, which can carboxylic acid group.
undergo saponification The term saturated indicates
(hydrolysis under basic that the maximum possible
conditions). number of hydrogen atoms
Simple lipids are bonded to each carbon
contain two types of in the molecule.
components (a fatty Many saturated fatty acids
acid and an alcohol) have a trivial or common
Ex: waxes, name as well as a chemically
triglycerides descriptive systematic name.
Complex lipids
contain more than Unsaturated fatty acids
two components Unsaturated fatty acids have
(fatty acids, an one or more carbon-carbon
alcohol, and other double bonds. The term
components) unsaturated indicates that
Ex: fewer than the maximum
Phosphoglycerides, possible number of
Sphingolipids hydrogen atoms are
bonded to each carbon in
the molecule.
The number of double
bonds is indicated by the
generic name-
monounsaturated for
molecules with one double
bond or polyunsaturated
for molecules with two or
more double bonds.
Oleic acid (omega 9) is an
example of a
monounsaturated fatty
acid.
2. Non-saponifiable lipids
do not contain ester groups, and
cannot be saponified (steroids,
prostaglandins)
