BIOL3204 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Mendel's Law of Segregation
the two alleles of a gene found on each of a pair of chromosomes segregate
independently of one another into sex cells
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
genes found on different chromosomes are sorted into sex cells independently of one
another
Pangenesis Concept (Darwin)
genetic information from different parts of the body travels to the reproductive organs
where it is transferred to the gametes
Germ-Plasm Theory (Weisman)
Germ-line tissue in the reproductive organs contains a complete set of genetic
information that is directly transferred to the gametes
dominant
An allele that is always expressed
recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
co-dominant
alleles will both be completely expressed
over-dominant
,phenotype of heterozygote lies outside the phenotypical range of the homozygous
parents
discrete
traits controlled by a small number of genes. They often maintain a distinct phenotype
continuous
different types of variations of the traits are distributed across a continuum
ABO Blood Group
Example of a codominant trait. A, B and O alleles are responsible for polymorphisms in
protein glycosylation on the surface of the red cell. A and B give rise to two different
glycosylations and O is associated with a null phenotype.
meiosis steps
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1,
Telophase 1,
Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
interphase
DNA synthesis and chromosome replication phase
meiosis 1
separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and reduction of the chromosome
number by half
anaphase 1
each pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently so genes on different
pairs of chromosomes assort independently, producing different combinations of alleles
in the gametes
, meiosis 2
separation of sister chromatids (equational division)
prophase 1
crossing over promotes genetic diversity and is a useful tool allowing us to map genetic
traits prior to whole genetic sequencing
genetic recombination
new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment
allele
an allele is a unique version of a gene (must have at least two different versions of the
gene at that locus), a gene may have many of a few different alleles, most allelic
variants have no consequence, some alleles of some genes cause disease
linkage
genes on same chromosome often inherited together
recombination
the genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another
chromosome during reproductive cell division
nucleosome
8 histones wrapped around DNA, folds up into loops and compressed/folded to make
fiber producing chromatid
karyotyping
the process of sorting chromosomes into their matched pairs.
karyotyping requirements
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Mendel's Law of Segregation
the two alleles of a gene found on each of a pair of chromosomes segregate
independently of one another into sex cells
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
genes found on different chromosomes are sorted into sex cells independently of one
another
Pangenesis Concept (Darwin)
genetic information from different parts of the body travels to the reproductive organs
where it is transferred to the gametes
Germ-Plasm Theory (Weisman)
Germ-line tissue in the reproductive organs contains a complete set of genetic
information that is directly transferred to the gametes
dominant
An allele that is always expressed
recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
co-dominant
alleles will both be completely expressed
over-dominant
,phenotype of heterozygote lies outside the phenotypical range of the homozygous
parents
discrete
traits controlled by a small number of genes. They often maintain a distinct phenotype
continuous
different types of variations of the traits are distributed across a continuum
ABO Blood Group
Example of a codominant trait. A, B and O alleles are responsible for polymorphisms in
protein glycosylation on the surface of the red cell. A and B give rise to two different
glycosylations and O is associated with a null phenotype.
meiosis steps
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1,
Telophase 1,
Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
interphase
DNA synthesis and chromosome replication phase
meiosis 1
separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and reduction of the chromosome
number by half
anaphase 1
each pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently so genes on different
pairs of chromosomes assort independently, producing different combinations of alleles
in the gametes
, meiosis 2
separation of sister chromatids (equational division)
prophase 1
crossing over promotes genetic diversity and is a useful tool allowing us to map genetic
traits prior to whole genetic sequencing
genetic recombination
new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment
allele
an allele is a unique version of a gene (must have at least two different versions of the
gene at that locus), a gene may have many of a few different alleles, most allelic
variants have no consequence, some alleles of some genes cause disease
linkage
genes on same chromosome often inherited together
recombination
the genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another
chromosome during reproductive cell division
nucleosome
8 histones wrapped around DNA, folds up into loops and compressed/folded to make
fiber producing chromatid
karyotyping
the process of sorting chromosomes into their matched pairs.
karyotyping requirements
