BIOL3204 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Where does gas exchange occur in?
Capillary beds and all body tissues
What do arteries do?
Carry blood away from the heart
What do veins do?
Carry blood to the heart
What is systolic blood pressure?
Pressure in arteries when ventricles are at maximum contraction
Top number
What is diastolic blood pressure?
Pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxing
Bottom number
How many circuits are in the cardiovascular system?
2, systemic and pulmonary
The pulmonary circuit consists of?
The lungs
The systemic circuit consists of?
Everything else
What happens when the heart beats?
,Blood is moving
What valves are in the heart?
Mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, and pulmonary valve.
What is a heart attack?
A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle
Where does conduction originate?
SA node (sinoatrial) aka pacemaker
Depolarization of SA due to funny current
What is the funny current in a pacemaker cell?
The leaky Na+ cells
In conduction, what goes to what?
Atria contract to AV node to bundle of HIS to purkinje fibers to ventricles contract
The SA (sinoatrial) node beats per minute
60-80
The AV (atrioventricular) node beats per minute
30-40
If the SA isn't working will the AV work?
Yes
What channel is responsible of calcium entry promoting calcium-induced calcium
release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
The L-type channel
How does the funny current help the heart?
Depolarizes it
,Calcium Clock has _________________ induced calcium release
Calcium
What exchanger helps with cardiac depolarization?
Sodium-calcium exchanger
Cardiac muscle contraction step 1
Action potential enters from adjacent cell
Cardiac muscle contraction step 2
Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the cell
Cardiac muscle contraction step 3
Calcium induces calcium release through ryanodine receptor channels
Cardiac muscle contraction step 4
Local release causes calcium spark
Cardiac muscle contraction step 5
Summed calcium sparks create a calcium signal
Cardiac muscle contraction step 6
Calcium ions bind to troponin to initiate contraction
Cardiac muscle contraction step 7
Relaxation occurs when calcium unbinds from troponin
Cardiac muscle contraction step 8
Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage
Cardiac muscle contraction step 9
Calcium is exchanged with sodium by the NCX anti porter
Cardiac muscle contraction step 10
, Sodium gradient is maintained by the sodium potassium ATPase
During cardiac conduction what happens in phase 0?
Depolarization
Calcium and potassium both go up
During cardiac conduction what happens in phase 1?
Sodium channels close
During cardiac conduction what happens in phase 2?
Calcium goes up and potassium goes down
During cardiac conduction what happens in phase 3?
Rapid repolarization
Calcium channels close
Potassium goes down
During cardiac conduction what happens in phase 4?
Resting potential
Leaky potassium channels
What can't happen during the refractory period of a cardiac conduction?
A 2nd action potential can't be initiated
What dictates flow rate of blood?
Pressure gradient
What is the best condition for flow rate of blood?
Large diameter= less resistance
Can arteries stretch?
Yes
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Where does gas exchange occur in?
Capillary beds and all body tissues
What do arteries do?
Carry blood away from the heart
What do veins do?
Carry blood to the heart
What is systolic blood pressure?
Pressure in arteries when ventricles are at maximum contraction
Top number
What is diastolic blood pressure?
Pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxing
Bottom number
How many circuits are in the cardiovascular system?
2, systemic and pulmonary
The pulmonary circuit consists of?
The lungs
The systemic circuit consists of?
Everything else
What happens when the heart beats?
,Blood is moving
What valves are in the heart?
Mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, and pulmonary valve.
What is a heart attack?
A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle
Where does conduction originate?
SA node (sinoatrial) aka pacemaker
Depolarization of SA due to funny current
What is the funny current in a pacemaker cell?
The leaky Na+ cells
In conduction, what goes to what?
Atria contract to AV node to bundle of HIS to purkinje fibers to ventricles contract
The SA (sinoatrial) node beats per minute
60-80
The AV (atrioventricular) node beats per minute
30-40
If the SA isn't working will the AV work?
Yes
What channel is responsible of calcium entry promoting calcium-induced calcium
release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
The L-type channel
How does the funny current help the heart?
Depolarizes it
,Calcium Clock has _________________ induced calcium release
Calcium
What exchanger helps with cardiac depolarization?
Sodium-calcium exchanger
Cardiac muscle contraction step 1
Action potential enters from adjacent cell
Cardiac muscle contraction step 2
Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the cell
Cardiac muscle contraction step 3
Calcium induces calcium release through ryanodine receptor channels
Cardiac muscle contraction step 4
Local release causes calcium spark
Cardiac muscle contraction step 5
Summed calcium sparks create a calcium signal
Cardiac muscle contraction step 6
Calcium ions bind to troponin to initiate contraction
Cardiac muscle contraction step 7
Relaxation occurs when calcium unbinds from troponin
Cardiac muscle contraction step 8
Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage
Cardiac muscle contraction step 9
Calcium is exchanged with sodium by the NCX anti porter
Cardiac muscle contraction step 10
, Sodium gradient is maintained by the sodium potassium ATPase
During cardiac conduction what happens in phase 0?
Depolarization
Calcium and potassium both go up
During cardiac conduction what happens in phase 1?
Sodium channels close
During cardiac conduction what happens in phase 2?
Calcium goes up and potassium goes down
During cardiac conduction what happens in phase 3?
Rapid repolarization
Calcium channels close
Potassium goes down
During cardiac conduction what happens in phase 4?
Resting potential
Leaky potassium channels
What can't happen during the refractory period of a cardiac conduction?
A 2nd action potential can't be initiated
What dictates flow rate of blood?
Pressure gradient
What is the best condition for flow rate of blood?
Large diameter= less resistance
Can arteries stretch?
Yes
