NURS 5315 Test 5 (Module 10) Questions
and answers 2025
Nephron .structure .- .ANS✓✓-- .Glomerulus- .collection .of .capillaries .and .is
.responsible .for .filtering .blood, .reabsorbs .amino .acids, .bicarb, .sodium,
.chloride, .phosphate, .potassium, .water
- .Proximal .tubule- .can .excrete .phosphate, .site .of .action .for .angiotensin .II .which
.stimulates .sodium, .water .and .bicarb .reabsorption.
- .Descending .loop .of .Henle- .passively .reabsorbs .water, .concentrates .urine.
- .Ascending .loop .of .Henle- .actively .reabsorbs .sodium, .potassium, .chloride,
.induces .reabsorption .of .magnesium .and .calcium, .impermeable .to .water,
.therefore, .makes .water .more .dilute.
Distal .convoluted .tubule- .actively .reabsorbs .sodium, .permeable .to .water,
.causes .urine .to .be .more .dilute. .Site .of .action .for .ADH .hormone .and
.aldosterone
Renal .blood .vessels .- .ANS✓✓-Autoregulation- .autoregulation .affects .amount .of
.blood .flow .to .kidneys .and .also .rate .of .filtration. .Decrease .in .arterial .blood
.pressure .and .decrease .in .arterial .blood .volume .causes .a .decrease .in .renal
.perfusion. .Decreased .perfusion .causes .reduced .GFR, .and .decrease .in .fluid .and
.sodium .in .distal .tubule. .This .decrease .is .senses .by .JGA .which .sends .signals
.to .relax .blood .vessels .in .order .to .help .bring .blood .to .glomeruli, .JGA .releases
.renin .which .converts .angiotenison .to .angio .I, .this .passes .through .lungs .and
.stimulates .release .of .angiotensin .converting .enzyme. .ACE .converts .angio .I .to
.angio .II, .which .stimulates .vasoconstriction .to .help .increase .glomerular .back
.pressure .and .increase .GFR. .Angio .II .also .responsible .for .stimulating .release .of
.aldosterone. .This .results .in .additional .reabsorption .of .water, .increased .BP .and
.increased .GF .rate.
aging .effect .on .kidneys .- .ANS✓✓-Reach .adult .size .by .adolescence
Hypertrophy .with .older .age, .reduced .ability .to .excrete .urine, .kyperkalemia .from
.reduced .excretion, .more .glucose .excreted .because .of .decreased .reabsorption
.(not .necessarily .indicator .of .diabetes), .drugs .not .clearing .as .easily, .harder .to
.activate .vitamin .d, .which .affects .calcium .absorption.
, GFR- .increased .directly .after .birth, .reaches .adult .levels .by .age .2, .more .dilute
.urine .up .to .6mo .of .age, .renal .blood .flow .and .GFR .decrease .with .older .age .(d/t
.atherosclerosis)
Nephron- .decrease .in .number .and .size .with .age .(atherosclerosis), .number .of
.nephrons .at .age .75 .decreased .by .30%.
Tubular .system- .immature .in .infants .(harder .to .excrete .potassium, .reabsorb
.bicarb, .buffer .hydrogen), .matures .by .age .2. .Tubular .atrophy .is .common .with
.age.
Bladder- .descends .into .pelvis .after .birth, .may .not .void .for .12-24 .hours
.following .birth. .Frequency .and .nocturia .are .common .with .age.
Renal .injury .- .ANS✓✓-Focal- .localized, .<50% .of .glomeruli .affected
Diffuse- .>50% .of .glomeruli .affected .*most .common*
Primary .glomerular .disease- .cause .is .directly .related .to .the .kidney .- .infection,
.ischemia, .free .radicals, .drugs, .toxins, .vascular .disorders
Secondary .glomerular .disease- .injury .caused .by .mechanism .outside .the .kidney
.(lupus, .diabetes), .typically .as .consequence .of .system .disease .like .HF, .SLE,
.HTN.
Patterns .of .kidney .injury .- .ANS✓✓-Hypercellularity- .increased .number .of .cells
.in .glomerulus, .usually .follows .immune .or .inflammatory .process
Basement .membrane .thickening- .walls .of .glomerulus .are .thickening
Hyalinosis- .accumulation .of .homogenous .and .eosinophilic .cells .in .the
.glomerular .capillaries, .usuallys .are .a .result .of .capillary .wall .injury. .Common .in
.focal .segmental .glomerular .sclerosis.
Sclerosis- .collection .of .extracellular .matrix, .happens .in .diabetes
Nephrolithiasis .- .ANS✓✓-Kidney .stones .from .the .urine .being .over .saturated
.with .particular .ions
The .opposite .charged .ions .bond .and .form .salts/crystals. .If .complete
.obstruction- .hydronephrosis .and .renal .failure.
5mm .or .less .may .pass, .1cm .or .larger .will .not .pass. .
Risks- .<50, .men, .caucasian, .gout, .dehydratino, .high .protein .diet .(increased
.purine .intake), .high .sodium .diet .(d/t .increased .calcium .secretion), .HTN
Causes- .calcium .are .most .common .(hypercaliuria .or .hyperparathyroidism .from
.increase .in .osteoclast .activity), .struvite .(chronic .UTIs), .uric .acid .(excess .purine
.intake .and .gout), .cystine .(less .common .and .usually .occur .in .kids)
S/S- .flank .pain .that .radiates .to .groin, .anuria .if .obstruction, .hematuria
and answers 2025
Nephron .structure .- .ANS✓✓-- .Glomerulus- .collection .of .capillaries .and .is
.responsible .for .filtering .blood, .reabsorbs .amino .acids, .bicarb, .sodium,
.chloride, .phosphate, .potassium, .water
- .Proximal .tubule- .can .excrete .phosphate, .site .of .action .for .angiotensin .II .which
.stimulates .sodium, .water .and .bicarb .reabsorption.
- .Descending .loop .of .Henle- .passively .reabsorbs .water, .concentrates .urine.
- .Ascending .loop .of .Henle- .actively .reabsorbs .sodium, .potassium, .chloride,
.induces .reabsorption .of .magnesium .and .calcium, .impermeable .to .water,
.therefore, .makes .water .more .dilute.
Distal .convoluted .tubule- .actively .reabsorbs .sodium, .permeable .to .water,
.causes .urine .to .be .more .dilute. .Site .of .action .for .ADH .hormone .and
.aldosterone
Renal .blood .vessels .- .ANS✓✓-Autoregulation- .autoregulation .affects .amount .of
.blood .flow .to .kidneys .and .also .rate .of .filtration. .Decrease .in .arterial .blood
.pressure .and .decrease .in .arterial .blood .volume .causes .a .decrease .in .renal
.perfusion. .Decreased .perfusion .causes .reduced .GFR, .and .decrease .in .fluid .and
.sodium .in .distal .tubule. .This .decrease .is .senses .by .JGA .which .sends .signals
.to .relax .blood .vessels .in .order .to .help .bring .blood .to .glomeruli, .JGA .releases
.renin .which .converts .angiotenison .to .angio .I, .this .passes .through .lungs .and
.stimulates .release .of .angiotensin .converting .enzyme. .ACE .converts .angio .I .to
.angio .II, .which .stimulates .vasoconstriction .to .help .increase .glomerular .back
.pressure .and .increase .GFR. .Angio .II .also .responsible .for .stimulating .release .of
.aldosterone. .This .results .in .additional .reabsorption .of .water, .increased .BP .and
.increased .GF .rate.
aging .effect .on .kidneys .- .ANS✓✓-Reach .adult .size .by .adolescence
Hypertrophy .with .older .age, .reduced .ability .to .excrete .urine, .kyperkalemia .from
.reduced .excretion, .more .glucose .excreted .because .of .decreased .reabsorption
.(not .necessarily .indicator .of .diabetes), .drugs .not .clearing .as .easily, .harder .to
.activate .vitamin .d, .which .affects .calcium .absorption.
, GFR- .increased .directly .after .birth, .reaches .adult .levels .by .age .2, .more .dilute
.urine .up .to .6mo .of .age, .renal .blood .flow .and .GFR .decrease .with .older .age .(d/t
.atherosclerosis)
Nephron- .decrease .in .number .and .size .with .age .(atherosclerosis), .number .of
.nephrons .at .age .75 .decreased .by .30%.
Tubular .system- .immature .in .infants .(harder .to .excrete .potassium, .reabsorb
.bicarb, .buffer .hydrogen), .matures .by .age .2. .Tubular .atrophy .is .common .with
.age.
Bladder- .descends .into .pelvis .after .birth, .may .not .void .for .12-24 .hours
.following .birth. .Frequency .and .nocturia .are .common .with .age.
Renal .injury .- .ANS✓✓-Focal- .localized, .<50% .of .glomeruli .affected
Diffuse- .>50% .of .glomeruli .affected .*most .common*
Primary .glomerular .disease- .cause .is .directly .related .to .the .kidney .- .infection,
.ischemia, .free .radicals, .drugs, .toxins, .vascular .disorders
Secondary .glomerular .disease- .injury .caused .by .mechanism .outside .the .kidney
.(lupus, .diabetes), .typically .as .consequence .of .system .disease .like .HF, .SLE,
.HTN.
Patterns .of .kidney .injury .- .ANS✓✓-Hypercellularity- .increased .number .of .cells
.in .glomerulus, .usually .follows .immune .or .inflammatory .process
Basement .membrane .thickening- .walls .of .glomerulus .are .thickening
Hyalinosis- .accumulation .of .homogenous .and .eosinophilic .cells .in .the
.glomerular .capillaries, .usuallys .are .a .result .of .capillary .wall .injury. .Common .in
.focal .segmental .glomerular .sclerosis.
Sclerosis- .collection .of .extracellular .matrix, .happens .in .diabetes
Nephrolithiasis .- .ANS✓✓-Kidney .stones .from .the .urine .being .over .saturated
.with .particular .ions
The .opposite .charged .ions .bond .and .form .salts/crystals. .If .complete
.obstruction- .hydronephrosis .and .renal .failure.
5mm .or .less .may .pass, .1cm .or .larger .will .not .pass. .
Risks- .<50, .men, .caucasian, .gout, .dehydratino, .high .protein .diet .(increased
.purine .intake), .high .sodium .diet .(d/t .increased .calcium .secretion), .HTN
Causes- .calcium .are .most .common .(hypercaliuria .or .hyperparathyroidism .from
.increase .in .osteoclast .activity), .struvite .(chronic .UTIs), .uric .acid .(excess .purine
.intake .and .gout), .cystine .(less .common .and .usually .occur .in .kids)
S/S- .flank .pain .that .radiates .to .groin, .anuria .if .obstruction, .hematuria
