N5315 Exam 4 Questions and answers
2025
calcium .and .phosphorus .physiologic .relationship .- .ANS✓✓-regulated .by .3
.hormones: .PTH, .vit .D, .calcitonin .
They .are .interrelated
Renal .disease .and .the .alteration .of .calcium .and .phosphorus .homeostasis .-
.ANS✓✓-
Anatomy .and .physiology .of .the .kidney .- .ANS✓✓-Renal .capsule: .outer .most
.portion .of .the .kidney
Renal .cortex: .directly .below .the .renal .capsule .between .the .medullary .pyramids
Renal .medulla: .pyramids .shaped
Renal .pelvis: .gives .a .rise .to .the .which. .Extents .to .the .bladder
Kidney .structure .- .ANS✓✓-Renal .capsule: .outer .most .portion .of .the .kidney
Renal .cortex: .directly .below .the .renal .capsule .between .the .medullary .pyramids
Renal .medulla: .pyramids .shaped
Renal .pelvis: .gives .a .rise .to .the .which. .Extents .to .the .bladder
Nephron .structure .- .ANS✓✓-3 .main .functional .parts: .
-glomerulus: .collection .of .capillaries .which .receives .blood .from .the .renal .artery
.and .responsible .for .filtering .blood
-bowman's .capsule: .encases .the .glomerulus .and .extends .to .form .the .tubule
.system
-tubular .system: .proximal .tubule .reabsorbs .all .the .glucose .and .amino .acids;
.ascending .loop .of .Henle .and .descending .loop .of .Henle; .collecting .tubule
Glomerular .filtration .- .ANS✓✓-Blood .is .filtered .through .pedicels .which .wrap
.around .the .glomerular .capillaries .and .leave .slits .through .them
Filtration .rate .- .ANS✓✓-Glomerular .filtration .rate .(GFR) .125 .ml/min
Tubular .transportation .- .ANS✓✓-
, Loop .of .Henle .- .ANS✓✓-Ascending .loop .of .henle: .actively .absorbs .sodium,
.potassium, .and .chloride. .It .induces .the .reabsorption .of .magnesium .and
.calcium .and .is .impermeable .to .water .= .urine .more .dilute
Descending .loop .of .Henle: .impermeable .to .Na, .passively .reabsorbs .water .and
.concentrates .urine.
Distal .convoluted .tubules .- .ANS✓✓-Parathyroid .hormone .increases .calcium
.reabsorption.
Renal .blood .vessels .renal .blood .floow .- .ANS✓✓-Renal .arteries .branch .off .the
.abdominal .aorta .and .go .into .the .kidneys .and .become .afferent .arteriole .of .the
.glomerulus .and .form .the .glomerular .arterioles.
Peritubular .capillaries .connect .to .the .venous .system .and .then .with .the .inferior
.vena .cava
Autoregulation .- .ANS✓✓-Renal .blood .flow .is .regulated .by .a .variety .of .auto
.regulatory .process .that .affects .the .amount .of .blood .which .flows .to .the .kidneys
.and .also .the .rate .of .filtration
Neural .regulation .- .ANS✓✓-
Hormone .regulation .- .ANS✓✓-
Concentration .and .dilution .of .the .urine .process .- .ANS✓✓-
Water, .Na, .Cl .- .ANS✓✓-
Catecholamine .- .ANS✓✓-Renin .-> .plasma .protein .to .angiotensin .to .angiotensin
.I .-> .release .of .angiotensin .converting .enzyme .(ACE) .—> .converts .angiotensin .I
.to .angiotensin .II .-> .stimulates .vasoconstriction .of .efferent .arterioles .to .help
.increase .glomerular .back .pressure .to .increase .GFR .-> .stimulates .aldosterone
.(hormone .of .Na .regulation .that .signals .the .collecting .ducts .in .the .nephron .to
.reabsorb .Na. .
Increase .Na .load .= .increase .water .retention .= .increase .blood .volume, .bp, .and
.GFR
Antidiuretic .hormone .- .ANS✓✓-Release .renin-angiotensin-aldosterone .system,
.stimulating .the .kidney .to .retain .water .and .sodium
Natriuretic .peptides .- .ANS✓✓-Hormones .ANP .and .BNP: .are .released .when
.there .is .an .increase .in .transmural .atrial .pressure .caused .by .an .increased
.intraartrial .volume .as .my .occur .with .heart .failure.
2025
calcium .and .phosphorus .physiologic .relationship .- .ANS✓✓-regulated .by .3
.hormones: .PTH, .vit .D, .calcitonin .
They .are .interrelated
Renal .disease .and .the .alteration .of .calcium .and .phosphorus .homeostasis .-
.ANS✓✓-
Anatomy .and .physiology .of .the .kidney .- .ANS✓✓-Renal .capsule: .outer .most
.portion .of .the .kidney
Renal .cortex: .directly .below .the .renal .capsule .between .the .medullary .pyramids
Renal .medulla: .pyramids .shaped
Renal .pelvis: .gives .a .rise .to .the .which. .Extents .to .the .bladder
Kidney .structure .- .ANS✓✓-Renal .capsule: .outer .most .portion .of .the .kidney
Renal .cortex: .directly .below .the .renal .capsule .between .the .medullary .pyramids
Renal .medulla: .pyramids .shaped
Renal .pelvis: .gives .a .rise .to .the .which. .Extents .to .the .bladder
Nephron .structure .- .ANS✓✓-3 .main .functional .parts: .
-glomerulus: .collection .of .capillaries .which .receives .blood .from .the .renal .artery
.and .responsible .for .filtering .blood
-bowman's .capsule: .encases .the .glomerulus .and .extends .to .form .the .tubule
.system
-tubular .system: .proximal .tubule .reabsorbs .all .the .glucose .and .amino .acids;
.ascending .loop .of .Henle .and .descending .loop .of .Henle; .collecting .tubule
Glomerular .filtration .- .ANS✓✓-Blood .is .filtered .through .pedicels .which .wrap
.around .the .glomerular .capillaries .and .leave .slits .through .them
Filtration .rate .- .ANS✓✓-Glomerular .filtration .rate .(GFR) .125 .ml/min
Tubular .transportation .- .ANS✓✓-
, Loop .of .Henle .- .ANS✓✓-Ascending .loop .of .henle: .actively .absorbs .sodium,
.potassium, .and .chloride. .It .induces .the .reabsorption .of .magnesium .and
.calcium .and .is .impermeable .to .water .= .urine .more .dilute
Descending .loop .of .Henle: .impermeable .to .Na, .passively .reabsorbs .water .and
.concentrates .urine.
Distal .convoluted .tubules .- .ANS✓✓-Parathyroid .hormone .increases .calcium
.reabsorption.
Renal .blood .vessels .renal .blood .floow .- .ANS✓✓-Renal .arteries .branch .off .the
.abdominal .aorta .and .go .into .the .kidneys .and .become .afferent .arteriole .of .the
.glomerulus .and .form .the .glomerular .arterioles.
Peritubular .capillaries .connect .to .the .venous .system .and .then .with .the .inferior
.vena .cava
Autoregulation .- .ANS✓✓-Renal .blood .flow .is .regulated .by .a .variety .of .auto
.regulatory .process .that .affects .the .amount .of .blood .which .flows .to .the .kidneys
.and .also .the .rate .of .filtration
Neural .regulation .- .ANS✓✓-
Hormone .regulation .- .ANS✓✓-
Concentration .and .dilution .of .the .urine .process .- .ANS✓✓-
Water, .Na, .Cl .- .ANS✓✓-
Catecholamine .- .ANS✓✓-Renin .-> .plasma .protein .to .angiotensin .to .angiotensin
.I .-> .release .of .angiotensin .converting .enzyme .(ACE) .—> .converts .angiotensin .I
.to .angiotensin .II .-> .stimulates .vasoconstriction .of .efferent .arterioles .to .help
.increase .glomerular .back .pressure .to .increase .GFR .-> .stimulates .aldosterone
.(hormone .of .Na .regulation .that .signals .the .collecting .ducts .in .the .nephron .to
.reabsorb .Na. .
Increase .Na .load .= .increase .water .retention .= .increase .blood .volume, .bp, .and
.GFR
Antidiuretic .hormone .- .ANS✓✓-Release .renin-angiotensin-aldosterone .system,
.stimulating .the .kidney .to .retain .water .and .sodium
Natriuretic .peptides .- .ANS✓✓-Hormones .ANP .and .BNP: .are .released .when
.there .is .an .increase .in .transmural .atrial .pressure .caused .by .an .increased
.intraartrial .volume .as .my .occur .with .heart .failure.
