TTU A&P 1 Boros Exam 1 Review
Tissue - ✔️✔️Groups of cells working together to perform a specific task
Microscopic Anatomy - ✔️✔️Examines cells ( cytology) and tissues (histology)
Organs - ✔️✔️Groups of different tissues working together
Organ System - ✔️✔️Groups of organs working together
Organism - ✔️✔️All organ systems working together
Gross Anatomy - ✔️✔️Examines larger, visible, organs and organ systems:
Systemic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
Anatomical Position: - ✔️✔️Supine: Lying down, face up
Prone: Lying down, face down
Regional Anatomy - ✔️✔️Head: Skull, Face
Neck: Cervicle
Trunk: Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis
Back: Dorsal
Buttock: Gluteus
Upper Limbs: Arms( Axilla, Brachia) , Forearms( Antebrachia) , Wrists and Hands (
Carpus)
Lower Limbs: Thighs (Femoral) , Legs (Crus), Ankles and Feet (Tarsus & Pes)
Directional Anatomy - ✔️✔️Posterior-Back
Anterior- Front
Cranial- Toward brain ( describing torso)
Caudal- Toward tail ( describing torso)
Superior- Above
Inferior- Below
Lateral- Side of midline
Medial- Close to midline
Proximal- Towards the head of bone
Distal- Towards the end of bone head
Superficial- Outside of structure
Deep- Inside of structure
What does Anatomy describe? - ✔️✔️Structures of the body
,What does structure determine? - ✔️✔️Function
Atoms - ✔️✔️The smallest chemical units
Molecules - ✔️✔️Groups of atoms working together
Organelles - ✔️✔️Groups of molecules working together
Cells - ✔️✔️Groups of organelles working together and surrounded by a cell
membrane
Forms the smallest units in the body
The Three Planes - ✔️✔️Frontal- Divides the body into anterior/posterior sections
Transverse ( Horizontal)- Divides the body into superior/inferior sections
Sagittal- Divides the body into Left and Right sections
Two types of skeletal systems - ✔️✔️Axial skeleton: "axis"- a straight line about which
the body rotates
Appendicular skeleton: "append"- to attach to, to hang from
Three components of Axial Skeleton - ✔️✔️The skull
The Vertebral Column
The Thoracic Cage: the sternum, the ribs
Primary Functions of Axial Skeleton - ✔️✔️Support body
Protect organs
Attaches to skeletal muscle
What other component besides the vertebral column and thoracic cage does the axial
skeleton consist of? - ✔️✔️The skull
Two groups of the skull - ✔️✔️Cranial bones: Function- protect brain
Facial bones: Function- protect entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts
The 6 Cranial Bones - ✔️✔️Frontal ("brow")
Parietal("wall")
Temporal("temple")
Occipital
Sphenoid("wedge-like")
Ethmoid("sieve-like")
Foramen - ✔️✔️Hole
, Process - ✔️✔️Projection
Mastoid - ✔️✔️Breast-like
Styloid - ✔️✔️Pillar-like
Magnum - ✔️✔️Large
Crista galli - ✔️✔️Rooster's crest
Cervical - ✔️✔️Neck
Thoracic - ✔️✔️Chest
Lumbar - ✔️✔️Loins
Functions of the Vertebral Column - ✔️✔️Protect the spinal cord
Support the head and body
Attaches to skeletal muscles of the body
Major Components of the Vertebra (1) - ✔️✔️The vertebral body carries weight of the
axial skeleton
The vertebral arch is composed of: 2 pedicles (little foot), and 2 laminae (layer)
Vertebral foramen: hole between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch. It surrounds
and protects the spinal cord
Major Components of the Vertebra (2) - ✔️✔️Transverse process: muscle and ligament
attachment site
Spinous process: muscle and ligament attachment site
Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae - ✔️✔️Contains a transverse process: protects a
blood vessel traveling from the thorax to the brain
Small oval body
Triangular vertebral foramen
Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae - ✔️✔️Long slinder spinous process
Heart-shaped body
Small round vertebral foramen
Costal articular processess AKA facets- articulates with ribs
Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae - ✔️✔️Short, thick, blunt spinous process
The largest vertebrae
Thick, large oval-shaped body
Tissue - ✔️✔️Groups of cells working together to perform a specific task
Microscopic Anatomy - ✔️✔️Examines cells ( cytology) and tissues (histology)
Organs - ✔️✔️Groups of different tissues working together
Organ System - ✔️✔️Groups of organs working together
Organism - ✔️✔️All organ systems working together
Gross Anatomy - ✔️✔️Examines larger, visible, organs and organ systems:
Systemic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
Anatomical Position: - ✔️✔️Supine: Lying down, face up
Prone: Lying down, face down
Regional Anatomy - ✔️✔️Head: Skull, Face
Neck: Cervicle
Trunk: Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis
Back: Dorsal
Buttock: Gluteus
Upper Limbs: Arms( Axilla, Brachia) , Forearms( Antebrachia) , Wrists and Hands (
Carpus)
Lower Limbs: Thighs (Femoral) , Legs (Crus), Ankles and Feet (Tarsus & Pes)
Directional Anatomy - ✔️✔️Posterior-Back
Anterior- Front
Cranial- Toward brain ( describing torso)
Caudal- Toward tail ( describing torso)
Superior- Above
Inferior- Below
Lateral- Side of midline
Medial- Close to midline
Proximal- Towards the head of bone
Distal- Towards the end of bone head
Superficial- Outside of structure
Deep- Inside of structure
What does Anatomy describe? - ✔️✔️Structures of the body
,What does structure determine? - ✔️✔️Function
Atoms - ✔️✔️The smallest chemical units
Molecules - ✔️✔️Groups of atoms working together
Organelles - ✔️✔️Groups of molecules working together
Cells - ✔️✔️Groups of organelles working together and surrounded by a cell
membrane
Forms the smallest units in the body
The Three Planes - ✔️✔️Frontal- Divides the body into anterior/posterior sections
Transverse ( Horizontal)- Divides the body into superior/inferior sections
Sagittal- Divides the body into Left and Right sections
Two types of skeletal systems - ✔️✔️Axial skeleton: "axis"- a straight line about which
the body rotates
Appendicular skeleton: "append"- to attach to, to hang from
Three components of Axial Skeleton - ✔️✔️The skull
The Vertebral Column
The Thoracic Cage: the sternum, the ribs
Primary Functions of Axial Skeleton - ✔️✔️Support body
Protect organs
Attaches to skeletal muscle
What other component besides the vertebral column and thoracic cage does the axial
skeleton consist of? - ✔️✔️The skull
Two groups of the skull - ✔️✔️Cranial bones: Function- protect brain
Facial bones: Function- protect entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts
The 6 Cranial Bones - ✔️✔️Frontal ("brow")
Parietal("wall")
Temporal("temple")
Occipital
Sphenoid("wedge-like")
Ethmoid("sieve-like")
Foramen - ✔️✔️Hole
, Process - ✔️✔️Projection
Mastoid - ✔️✔️Breast-like
Styloid - ✔️✔️Pillar-like
Magnum - ✔️✔️Large
Crista galli - ✔️✔️Rooster's crest
Cervical - ✔️✔️Neck
Thoracic - ✔️✔️Chest
Lumbar - ✔️✔️Loins
Functions of the Vertebral Column - ✔️✔️Protect the spinal cord
Support the head and body
Attaches to skeletal muscles of the body
Major Components of the Vertebra (1) - ✔️✔️The vertebral body carries weight of the
axial skeleton
The vertebral arch is composed of: 2 pedicles (little foot), and 2 laminae (layer)
Vertebral foramen: hole between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch. It surrounds
and protects the spinal cord
Major Components of the Vertebra (2) - ✔️✔️Transverse process: muscle and ligament
attachment site
Spinous process: muscle and ligament attachment site
Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae - ✔️✔️Contains a transverse process: protects a
blood vessel traveling from the thorax to the brain
Small oval body
Triangular vertebral foramen
Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae - ✔️✔️Long slinder spinous process
Heart-shaped body
Small round vertebral foramen
Costal articular processess AKA facets- articulates with ribs
Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae - ✔️✔️Short, thick, blunt spinous process
The largest vertebrae
Thick, large oval-shaped body
