INST 301 Exam 3 with 100% Correct
Answers
Causal inference - ✅✅ process of drawing a conclusion about a causal
relationship (i.e. Smoking and lung disease)
Variable - ✅✅ something that you are trying to measure in some way
Testability (of a hypothesis): - ✅✅ must be testable, about what we think will
happen
Milgram's Shock Experiment - ✅✅ • wanted to study obedience to authority;
ordered hundreds of volunteers to deliver what they believed were lethal doses of
electricity to an actor who feigned pain and even death
• 66% fully complied
• 3 ethical issues:
- Deception
- Protection of participants
- Right to withdraw
Criticisms of ethical guidelines for research with human subjects - ✅✅ ethical
individualism, stifles research and discovery, intentionally vague guidelines
IRB's definition of human subjects - ✅✅ actual object of the study "living
individual(s) about whom an investigator conducting research obtains: data
through intervention or interaction with the individual and identifiable private
information"
, Explanatory research - ✅✅ • research concerned with identifying relationships
among phenomena
• Why? Cause and effect
3 ways of organizing a literature review - ✅✅ • thematic: organized around a
topic or issue, rather than the progression of time
• Chronological: major trends/developments, or the history of something
• Methodical: focuses on the methods rather than the content
Causal mechanism - ✅✅ • something that explains how one factor influences
another
• Process or pathway by which an effect is produced, why and how of causality
Research - ✅✅ careful / diligent collection of information; investigation or
experimentation aimed at the discovery or interpretation of facts and revision of
accepted theories or laws in light of new facts
CRAAP - ✅✅ Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose when
evaluating sources
Correlation (positive, negative, none) - ✅✅ • correlation: association between
two things
• Positive correlation: as X ↑, Y ↑
- e.g: popsicle consumption and temperature
• Negative (inverse) correlation: as X ↑, Y ↓
- e.g: elevation and temperature
• No correlation: no relationship between X and Y
Answers
Causal inference - ✅✅ process of drawing a conclusion about a causal
relationship (i.e. Smoking and lung disease)
Variable - ✅✅ something that you are trying to measure in some way
Testability (of a hypothesis): - ✅✅ must be testable, about what we think will
happen
Milgram's Shock Experiment - ✅✅ • wanted to study obedience to authority;
ordered hundreds of volunteers to deliver what they believed were lethal doses of
electricity to an actor who feigned pain and even death
• 66% fully complied
• 3 ethical issues:
- Deception
- Protection of participants
- Right to withdraw
Criticisms of ethical guidelines for research with human subjects - ✅✅ ethical
individualism, stifles research and discovery, intentionally vague guidelines
IRB's definition of human subjects - ✅✅ actual object of the study "living
individual(s) about whom an investigator conducting research obtains: data
through intervention or interaction with the individual and identifiable private
information"
, Explanatory research - ✅✅ • research concerned with identifying relationships
among phenomena
• Why? Cause and effect
3 ways of organizing a literature review - ✅✅ • thematic: organized around a
topic or issue, rather than the progression of time
• Chronological: major trends/developments, or the history of something
• Methodical: focuses on the methods rather than the content
Causal mechanism - ✅✅ • something that explains how one factor influences
another
• Process or pathway by which an effect is produced, why and how of causality
Research - ✅✅ careful / diligent collection of information; investigation or
experimentation aimed at the discovery or interpretation of facts and revision of
accepted theories or laws in light of new facts
CRAAP - ✅✅ Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose when
evaluating sources
Correlation (positive, negative, none) - ✅✅ • correlation: association between
two things
• Positive correlation: as X ↑, Y ↑
- e.g: popsicle consumption and temperature
• Negative (inverse) correlation: as X ↑, Y ↓
- e.g: elevation and temperature
• No correlation: no relationship between X and Y
