Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 7th
Edition 2025 New Brand!!!
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Why is aphasia following a stroke usually associated with paralysis or difficulty with movement on the
right side of the body?
Damage to the frontal lobe usually results in motor impairment of movements with the
contralateral side of the body. Since
damage to the left frontal lobe is associated with aphasia, it would be associated with motor
impairments on the right side of
the body.
What was Broca's main contribution to the concept of lateralization of function in the human brain?
Broca's clinical studies established that speech was associated with damage to the third frontal
convolution of the cortex in
the left frontal lobe. This is probably the first documented lateralized function in the human
brain.
What was Wernicke's main contribution to the concept of a modular functional organization of the
human brain?
Wernicke created the first model of how the brain produces language where damage to the left
temporal lobe would result in
the inability to understand language, even though speech movements from Broca's area were
intact and hearing preserved. This introduced the idea that independent modules handled
different aspects of language processing even though they worked together.
Describe how the concept of hierarchical organization, as stated by Hughlings-Jackson, was consistent
with the apparently disparate research findings of localizationist and antilocalizationist theories of
brain function.
In the hierarchical organization model of Hughlings-Jackson, he suggested that behaviors were
represented in each level of the hierarchy, such that damage at one level leaves a simpler form
of the behavior from the lower parts of the hierarchy. This was consistent with both
localizationist and antilocalization research results.
Briefly discuss what John Hughlings-Jackson meant by his concept of "hierarchical organization."
Hughlings-Jackson suggested that the spinal cord, brainstem, and forebrain had developed
successively, in that order, during evolution and that earlier-evolved animals and animals with
injuries at higher levels would have simpler behaviors than those with the spinal cord, brainstem
and forebrain intact.
What contributions have been made by the study of split-brain subjects to our understanding of the
organization of cognitive abilities?
, Such studies have allowed for the study of the behavioral capacity of each hemisphere in
isolation from the other, and these studies have revealed the relative lateralization of cognitive
processes related to language in one hemisphere and spatial processing in the other
hemisphere.
Sketch and label the main parts of a neuron.
See Figure 1.9 Major Parts of a Neuron in the text.
Of what historical significance were the experiments of Fritsch and Hitzig?
Their studies demonstrated that the cerebral cortex is electrically excitable and that such
electrical stimulation in different
cortical areas produced movements in specific body regions contralateral to the hemisphere
stimulated. This demonstrated
topographical organization of the motor cortex.
What is the definitive evidence that refutes the nerve net hypothesis of the nervous system?
Electron microscopy studies in the twentieth century showed that each neuron is a physically
separate entity
What does it mean for the cortex to be organized topographically?
It means that a mapping of specific areas of the cortex is possible for information from or being
sent to a particular body
region. Such a mapping on the cortex represents a specific spatial transformation of the
topography of the body surface.
What is a "Hebb synapse"?
A Hebb synapse is a synapse that has been altered to become more efficient on the basis of use,
as in a synapse that takes part
in a neural network that stores memory.
How did Penfield contribute to our historical knowledge regarding brain and behavior?
During neurosurgery Penfield electrically stimulated the exposed cerebral cortex of his patients
and replicated data that had
previously only been recorded from lab animals. This facilitated comparisons between invasive
neurosurgical studies of the brains of lab animals and human brains.
Discuss the ways statistics are useful in dealing with individual differences in neuropsychological
experiments.
Statistics have allowed for seeing patterns of abilities in large samples, as in the use of frequency
distributions. Such summaries of data led to the discovery of the normal distributions of abilities
and allow for the more accurate quantification of individual differences in ability associated with
brain dysfunction in various specific brain regions.
Describe the contributions of psychometrics to the field of neuropsychology.
Edition 2025 New Brand!!!
__________________________________________________________________________________
Why is aphasia following a stroke usually associated with paralysis or difficulty with movement on the
right side of the body?
Damage to the frontal lobe usually results in motor impairment of movements with the
contralateral side of the body. Since
damage to the left frontal lobe is associated with aphasia, it would be associated with motor
impairments on the right side of
the body.
What was Broca's main contribution to the concept of lateralization of function in the human brain?
Broca's clinical studies established that speech was associated with damage to the third frontal
convolution of the cortex in
the left frontal lobe. This is probably the first documented lateralized function in the human
brain.
What was Wernicke's main contribution to the concept of a modular functional organization of the
human brain?
Wernicke created the first model of how the brain produces language where damage to the left
temporal lobe would result in
the inability to understand language, even though speech movements from Broca's area were
intact and hearing preserved. This introduced the idea that independent modules handled
different aspects of language processing even though they worked together.
Describe how the concept of hierarchical organization, as stated by Hughlings-Jackson, was consistent
with the apparently disparate research findings of localizationist and antilocalizationist theories of
brain function.
In the hierarchical organization model of Hughlings-Jackson, he suggested that behaviors were
represented in each level of the hierarchy, such that damage at one level leaves a simpler form
of the behavior from the lower parts of the hierarchy. This was consistent with both
localizationist and antilocalization research results.
Briefly discuss what John Hughlings-Jackson meant by his concept of "hierarchical organization."
Hughlings-Jackson suggested that the spinal cord, brainstem, and forebrain had developed
successively, in that order, during evolution and that earlier-evolved animals and animals with
injuries at higher levels would have simpler behaviors than those with the spinal cord, brainstem
and forebrain intact.
What contributions have been made by the study of split-brain subjects to our understanding of the
organization of cognitive abilities?
, Such studies have allowed for the study of the behavioral capacity of each hemisphere in
isolation from the other, and these studies have revealed the relative lateralization of cognitive
processes related to language in one hemisphere and spatial processing in the other
hemisphere.
Sketch and label the main parts of a neuron.
See Figure 1.9 Major Parts of a Neuron in the text.
Of what historical significance were the experiments of Fritsch and Hitzig?
Their studies demonstrated that the cerebral cortex is electrically excitable and that such
electrical stimulation in different
cortical areas produced movements in specific body regions contralateral to the hemisphere
stimulated. This demonstrated
topographical organization of the motor cortex.
What is the definitive evidence that refutes the nerve net hypothesis of the nervous system?
Electron microscopy studies in the twentieth century showed that each neuron is a physically
separate entity
What does it mean for the cortex to be organized topographically?
It means that a mapping of specific areas of the cortex is possible for information from or being
sent to a particular body
region. Such a mapping on the cortex represents a specific spatial transformation of the
topography of the body surface.
What is a "Hebb synapse"?
A Hebb synapse is a synapse that has been altered to become more efficient on the basis of use,
as in a synapse that takes part
in a neural network that stores memory.
How did Penfield contribute to our historical knowledge regarding brain and behavior?
During neurosurgery Penfield electrically stimulated the exposed cerebral cortex of his patients
and replicated data that had
previously only been recorded from lab animals. This facilitated comparisons between invasive
neurosurgical studies of the brains of lab animals and human brains.
Discuss the ways statistics are useful in dealing with individual differences in neuropsychological
experiments.
Statistics have allowed for seeing patterns of abilities in large samples, as in the use of frequency
distributions. Such summaries of data led to the discovery of the normal distributions of abilities
and allow for the more accurate quantification of individual differences in ability associated with
brain dysfunction in various specific brain regions.
Describe the contributions of psychometrics to the field of neuropsychology.
