HDFS 239 Exam 1 (Quizzes) | Complete Solutions (Verified)

HDFS 239 Exam 1 (Quizzes) | Complete Solutions (Verified) Which of the following statements about the production of hormones at puberty is true? A . The body begins to produce several hormones that have not been present until this B. There is an increase in the production of certain hormones. C. Boys' bodies produce more estrogens, and girls' bodies produce more androgens. D. The feedback loop regulating the endocrine system becomes increasingly less important. Which of the following statements about prenatal development is true? A. Up until about eight weeks after conception, all human brains are masculine. B. Answer Puberty is part of a gradual process that begins at conception. C. Sex hormones do not appear in the brain during fetal development. D. You Answered Fetal exposure to cortisol is directly linked to the timing of puberty. When levels of androgens and estrogens fall below the set points, the ______ stops inhibiting the pituitary gland, thus permitting it to stimulate the release of sex hormones by the gonads. A. thyroid B. adrenal gland C. hypothalamus D. feedback loop Which of the following statements about puberty in girls is true? A. Regular ovulation and the ability to carry a baby to term usually follow menarche immediately. B. The development of the areola and nipple are far better indicators of sexual maturation than is breast size. C. Menarche occurs very early in the process of pubertal development. D. The changes in the nipple and areola occur earlier in large breasts. Which of the following statements about the timing and tempo of sexual maturation is true? A. Menarche typically occurs around age 12, including the United States. B. The duration of puberty varies widely, from 1.5 to 6 years in girls and 2 to 5 years in boys. C. Adolescents who begin puberty early also complete it early. D. Adolescents who begin puberty earlier usually grow to be taller adults. Osman is a junior high student anticipating puberty. He wants to know when puberty will start and how long it will take until he looks like and is considered an adult. His health teacher tells him that the timing and rate of puberty A. is highly variable and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. B. is highly predictable, beginning around 12 years of age and taking four years to complete. C. can be accelerated through good nutrition and excessive exercise. D. is determined more by his environmental and family situation than genetics. Based on research addressing ethnic differences in the timing and rate of pubertal maturation, which American girl would be expected to mature earliest? A. Brandy, a middle-income Black adolescent B. Miranda, a middle-income Mexican adolescent C. Emily, a middle-income White adolescent D. Grace, a middle-income Asian adolescent Which of the following can delay the onset of puberty? A. stress B. childhood abuse C. nutritional deficiencies D. lack of exercise Professor Kendall has been researching adolescent maturation around the world. Which of the following is she likely to determine has the smallest role in determining group differences in pubertal maturation? A. nutrition B. sanitation C. infectious diseases D. genetics During puberty, individuals who mature early are likely to exhibit which of the following? A. more intellectual curiosity B. less frequent temper tantrums C. less depression and anxiety D. problem behavior, such as drug use Which of the following statements about hormonal changes of puberty is true? A. Hormonal changes affect the brain in ways that increase adolescents' desire for sensation-seeking activities. B. Hormonal changes of puberty make adolescents more risk averse. C. Hormonal changes of puberty make adolescents more introverted. D. Hormonal changes affect the brain in ways that decrease adolescents' desire for rewarding activities. The main reason for sex differences in the impact of early and late maturation is . A. biological differences between male and female brains. B. psychological differences between boys and girls. C. the different rates at which boys and girls mature. D. different cultural expectations of boys and girls. The children who are most likely to think of themselves as being "off schedule" with respect to their physical development are girls who mature ______ and boys who mature ______. A. late; early B. early; late C. late; late D. early; early Which of the following statements about puberty's impact on family relationships is true? A. Puberty appears to increase distance between parents and children. B. Other species do not experience distance during the pubertal transition. C. The distancing effect of puberty on families occurs regardless of ethnicity. D. Puberty is more likely to disrupt family relationships if it happens early. Which of the following students is most at risk of developing depression? A. Johan, a teenage boy who stays up until 12 a.m. every night reading books and begins school at 10 a.m. B. Sofia, a teenage girl who stays up until 12 a.m. using her smartphone and begins school at 8 a.m. C. Afua, a teenage girl who goes to bed at 10 p.m. and begins school at 8 a.m. D. Hinata, a teenage boy who stays up until 1 a.m. watching television and begins school at 10 a.m. The delayed phase preference suggests that school should A. be held in the afternoon and evening. B. be held year-round. C. begin later in the morning. D. begin earlier in the morning. Which adolescent has the lowest risk of developing an eating disorder? A. Valeria, a U.S. born and raised Latinx girl who wants to fit in with American culture. B. Tengfei, a late-maturing boy who has a good relationship with his parents C. Brooklyn, a girl whose mother diets frequently and was diagnosed with bulimia as a teenager D. Dominique, an early-maturing Black girl who loves reading fashion magazines The adolescent growth spurt A. generally begins two years earlier for girls than for boys. B. generally begins two years earlier for boys than for girls. C. increases around age 15 for boys and girls. D. proceeds along a smooth and rapid course over the teen years. Which of the following environmental factors affects the onset of puberty? A. exposure to cold temperatures B. changing seasons C. poor air quality D. amount of light exposure The potentially fatal disorder in which young women actually starve themselves is called A. bulimia. B. anorexia nervosa. C. obesity nervosa. D. purging. Tam is good at drawing conclusions from given information. Thus, Tam is good at ______ reasoning. A. hypothetical B. deductive C. abstract D. relative Joey enjoys playing the devil's advocate and is always stirring up discussions with his contrary positions. This ability is one aspect of A. hypothetical thinking B. social cognition C. thinking about thinking itself D. impression formation Dave knows that kids who drink and drive sometimes get killed, but he believes that he is somehow immune to having such a terrible thing happen to him. Dave's belief is an example of A. the imaginary audience B. a personal fable C. social cognition D. metacognition Which of the following statements about the personal fable is true? A. Only adolescents develop personal fables. B. Only adults develop personal fables. C. Both adolescents and adults are susceptible to the personal fable. D. Researchers have disproved the idea of the personal fable. Adolescents' persistent arguments over rules are most likely a result of A. an increase in relativism. B. a decrease in incrementalism. C. hormonal changes. D. a hereditary resistance to authority. Piaget theorists believe that the use of ______ is the chief feature of adolescent thinking that differentiates it from the type of thinking employed by children. A. egocentric reasoning B. abstract logical reasoning C. multidimensional reasoning D. systematic reasoning Scientists now believe that the transition from concrete operational thought to formal operational thought occurs A. very suddenly and evenly across all domains of functioning. B. at the same age, regardless of the environment. C. very gradually and continuously through adolescence into adulthood. D. in a barely noticeable way. Dr. Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies. Dr. Brown's view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives? A. triarchic theory of intelligence B. information-processing perspective C. psychometric theory D. Piagetian perspective According to scientists, why does the reminiscence bump happen? A. Memory abilities are strongest during late childhood and early adolescence. B. Many important social and emotional events happen for the first time during adolescence. C. The adolescent brain is chemically primed to encode memories deeply. D. The brain has more synapses during adolescence than at any other time of life. One type of structural change in the brain has to do with changes in the levels of gray and white matter in the brain. Which of the following statements is true? A. Gray matter decreases while white matter increases. B. Gray matter increases while white matter decreases. C. Both gray matter and white matter decrease. D. Both gray matter and white matter increase. One aspect of brain maturation that is associated with increases in the speed of neural impulses and improvements in information transmission is A. formal operational thought. B. myelination. C. metacognition. D. information-processing gains. Jane, an adolescent, can attribute her improved skills in planning and decision making to her A. hippocampus. B. prefrontal cortex. C. amygdala. D. superior temporal sulcus. Which of the following brain systems is responsible for processing emotions, social information, and rewards? A. functional connectivity system B. response inhibition system C. limbic system D. prefrontal cortex system Changes in the "social brain" may help explain why adolescents tend to become A. less prone to embarrassment. B. less capable of abstract thought. C. more susceptible to peer pressure. D. more likely to ignore others' facial expressions. Mary is having trouble understanding how to do a math problem. Her teacher asks her just the right question, and Mary understands the problem. Vygotsky would refer to the structuring process used by the teacher to guide Mary's thinking as A. laddering. B. enabling. C. pillaring. D. scaffolding. Which of the following is one of the results of improvements in social cognition? A. Adolescents become better able to interpret the feelings of others. B. Adolescents become less able to recognize that others may view situations differently. C. Adolescents are less capable of formulating arguments. D. Adolescents are less likely to challenge their parents' and teachers' authority As a result of mentalizing and developing a theory of mind, adolescents become A. more skilled at telling lies to parents and peers. B. less able to see things from another person's point of view. C. better able to act independently and take on responsibility. D. better able to plan tasks efficiently and quickly. Changes in the limbic system during adolescence may cause A. decreased emotionality. B. decreased responsiveness to stress. C. increased risk-taking. D. decreased responsiveness to rewards. One explanation for the risk-taking peak that scientists have observed in adolescence is that A. adolescents are not aware of the risks associated with certain behaviors. B. the prefrontal cortex is fully developed years before the limbic system is active. C. adolescents tend to be higher in sensation seeking and impulsivity than children and adults are. D. few or no adolescents are capable of conducting a cost-benefit analysis. Senator Perkins is interested in making laws that will reduce the number of car crashes involving teens. Based on the scientific research in this chapter, which advice should he follow as he drafts a bill? A. Encourage teens to drive alone. B. Encourage adults to ride along with teen drivers. C. Encourage teens to drive with their peers. D. Encourage teens to drive with one peer at a time. As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. The most likely explanation is that A. adolescence is a period of "storm and stress." B. the generation gap is a major issue for parents and their adolescents. C. their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood. D. Alex has been negatively affected by his entrance into the high school system. One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents A. are frequently becoming more involved in building their own careers. B. seem to be pushing children toward financial independence at earlier ages. C. are at home more often and do not give their children adequate freedom. D. may also be experiencing identity crises of their own. Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and fathers is true? A. Adolescents tend to be closer to their mothers. B. Adolescents relate to their mothers and fathers very similarly. C. Adolescents fight more often with their fathers than their mothers. D. Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers. According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be A. more involved in delinquent behavior. B. less mature and more conforming to their peers. C. more curious and more impulsive. D. more dependent and less socially adept. Jim and Savannah are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is A. highly likely. B. average. C. not likely. D. not easily predicted. For which of the following decisions would Nozomi, an older adolescent, be most likely to accept her parents' rules? A. what she should wear on her first day of school B. what music she should play at her birthday party C. what time of night she needs to be home by D. how clean and organized her room should be Which of the following statements about parents of adolescents is true? A. Adjusting to adolescence takes a greater toll on the mental health of children than on their parents. B. Mothers typically feel the greatest sense of loss when their teenagers leave home. C. Parents' mental health declines when they enter the "empty nest" stage. D. Parents' mental health is worse when their teenage children are living at home. Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during which of the following events? A. when individual family members are changing, such as during adolescence B. when the family is free from major outside distractions, such as job changes or moves C. when children are in elementary school and parents are approaching middle age D. when the family is financially stable and its prospects for the future are strong Felicia is very warm and accepting towards both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are A. responsive and demanding. B. indulgent and submissive. C. authoritarian and understanding. D. lenient and supportive. Which of the following statements accurately reflects research on adolescent-sibling relationships? A. Adolescents see aggression towards siblings as less acceptable than aggression toward friends. B. Adolescent-sibling relationships involve more conflict than adolescent-friend relationships. C. Adolescent-sibling relationships are characterized by a significant decrease in sibling rivalry. D. The quality of adolescent-sibling relationships is not affected by the quality of the parent-child relationship. Although young children may seem unaffected by a divorce at the time, problems may emerge when they are adolescents. This delayed effect is called a A. sleeper effect. B. deferred effect. C. delayed effect. D. gradual manifestation. Which of the following adolescents best exemplifies the differential susceptibility theory? A. Nela's first year of college was very stressful and her grades and her mood were poor. After finding a supportive mentor, however, she became a top student and is now much happier. B. Basharhas battled addiction problems for several years, and although he has made many changes to his life and sought help on several occasions, nothing seems to help. C. Kirrahas a difficult relationship with her divorced parents and lives in a poor neighborhood. Nevertheless, Kirra strives to do well in school and make the best of her situation. D. Sergey's parents use an authoritative style and give him a lot of emotional support. In spite of this, Sergey engages in delinquent behavior, skipping school and using alcohol The popular notion of a "generation gap" has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to A. values and attitudes. B. personal taste. C. mother-daughter relationships. D. father-son relationships. Which of the following is an accurate example of familism, an orientation in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual. A. Because tennis practice would conflict with Friday night dinners with Nyala's grandparents, she chooses to join the track team instead. B. Chanthou hates driving his little sister to her voice lessons, so he asks his mother to do it instead. C. Although Daphne's father is fluent in English, he and Daphne both prefer to speak Greek at home. D. Gael's mother allows him to go to a movie with friends on Saturday, even though they originally had plans to visit to his uncle.