LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
• Humans have around 20,500 genes (as found
Coverage: in the Human Genome Project).
Chromosomes and Cells
• Heredity, Prenatal Development,
• Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell
and Birth
(arranged in 23 pairs; one from each parent).
• Heredity • Mitosis: The process by which most cells
• Genotypes and Phenotypes copy their chromosomes and divide into two
• Genetic Disorders identical cells.
• Chromosomal Abnormalities • Meiosis: The process for making gametes
• Behavioral Genetics (sperm and eggs), where chromosomes are
• Prenatal Development halved, so each gamete only has 23
• The Germinal Period chromosomes. When sperm and egg
• The Embryonic Period combine, the total is 46 chromosomes.
• The Fetal Period Chromosome Types
• Prenatal Brain Development • Of the 23 chromosome pairs, 22 pairs are
• Teratogens autosomes (similar in length).
• Maternal Factors • The last pair is the sex chromosomes:
• Prenatal Assessment o XY = male
o XX = female
• Complications of Pregnancy
Genetic Diversity
• Preparation for Childbirth
• Due to the process of meiosis and the variety
• Stages of Birth for Vaginal Delivery
of genes, it's nearly impossible to have
• Assessing the Neonate genetically identical non-twin offspring.
• Problems of the Newborn
• Postpartum Maternal Concerns Genotypes and Phenotypes
Genotype vs Phenotype
• Genotype: The genetic makeup, or the total
Heredity, Prenatal Development, and set of genes inherited from both parents.
Birth • Phenotype: The physical traits or features
expressed (what you actually see, like eye
Heredity and Genetics color or height).
• The chapter will explain how genes shape Homozygous and Heterozygous
who we are and influence our development. • Homozygous: When you inherit the same
• It will cover what happens genetically during version of a gene from both parents (e.g.,
conception. both parents give you the same eye color
Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders gene).
• You'll learn about some common genetic and • Heterozygous: When you inherit different
chromosomal disorders that can affect versions of a gene from each parent (e.g., one
development. parent gives you a gene for brown eyes, and
Prenatal Development the other gives you a gene for blue eyes).
• The process of development before birth will Dominant and Recessive Genes
be discussed. • Dominant genes: Express themselves in the
• Special focus on the effects of teratogens phenotype, even if paired with a different
(substances or factors that can harm the fetus version (e.g., dimples, curly hair).
during pregnancy). • Recessive genes: Only show in the
Parental Impact phenotype if both copies are the same (e.g.,
• Both the mother and father contribute to the red hair, nearsightedness).
development of the fetus, and their roles will Alleles
be explored. • Different versions of a gene (like the gene for
eye color can have multiple alleles: brown,
Heredity blue, green).
Nature and Genetics Polygenic Traits
• Heredity refers to how genetics influence • Most traits (e.g., height, skin color) are
development. controlled by multiple genes, not just one.
• Genes are the instructions (sequences of Incomplete Dominance
nucleotides) that create proteins, which • Sometimes, the dominant gene doesn’t
shape the structure and functions of cells. completely hide the effect of the recessive
gene (e.g., sickle cell disease).
1|Hikamac chi
, LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
• Sickle cell: The healthy red blood cell shape Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormalities
is dominant, and the sickle cell shape is • Turner Syndrome (XO): A female has only
recessive. People with one sickle cell gene one X chromosome instead of two. This
are carriers and might show some symptoms affects cognitive functioning, sexual
in certain conditions (e.g., at high altitudes or development (e.g., no breast development or
after intense exercise). menstruation), and leads to short stature.
• Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY): A male has an
Genetic Disorders extra X chromosome, leading to small testes,
breast development, infertility, and low
Dominant Gene Disorders
testosterone levels.
• Tourette's Syndrome: Causes mild tics;
Genetic Counseling
most people can control symptoms.
• Helps individuals and couples understand and
• Huntington's Disease: Affects the nervous
test for genetic conditions that could affect
system, fatal, but symptoms appear only in
their health or children.
midlife.
• Reasons for Seeking Counseling:
Recessive Gene Disorders
o Family history of genetic conditions.
• Cystic Fibrosis: Causes thick mucus in lungs
o Belonging to an ethnic group with
and digestive system, affects breathing and
higher genetic risk.
digestion.
o Results of genetic testing (e.g., blood
• Sickle Cell Anemia: Red blood cells are
tests, ultrasound, amniocentesis).
sickle-shaped, affecting oxygen transport in
o Concerns about older parental age,
the body.
previous miscarriages, or infertility.
• Phenylketonuria (PKU): The body can't
process certain amino acids, leading to
intellectual deficits if untreated.
Behavioral Genetics
• Tay Sachs Disease: Enzyme deficiency The study of how genetics and the environment
leading to progressive damage to the brain interact to influence behavior, often referred to as
and body; death occurs by age 5. the nature vs. nurture debate. Both genetics and
• Albinism: Lack of pigment in skin, hair, and environmental factors can shape a person's
eyes, with possible vision problems. behavior, and sometimes, environmental triggers
Sex-Linked Disorders (on the X chromosome) can bring out symptoms of a genetic disorder.
• Fragile X Syndrome: Causes learning and • Genotype-Environment Correlations:
behavior problems. More serious in males These refer to how genetic factors influence
(who have only one X chromosome). the environment and vice versa. There are
• Hemophilia: A blood clotting disorder, more three types of correlations:
common in males. o Passive Genotype-Environment
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Weakens Correlation: Children inherit both
muscles, leading to difficulty moving, and can genes and the environment from their
be fatal. family. For example, children with
athletic parents may inherit the genes
Chromosomal Abnormalities for athleticism and be encouraged to
engage in sports.
Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a child
o Evocative Genotype-Environment
inherits too many or too few chromosomes, often
Correlation: People's inherited traits
due to the mother's age. Older eggs are more
influence how others treat them. For
likely to have chromosomal issues.
instance, a shy child may receive
Common Chromosomal Abnormalities
different social responses than an
• Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21): Occurs when
outgoing child.
there is an extra chromosome 21. Affected
o Active Genotype-Environment
individuals often have intellectual disabilities,
Correlation (or niche picking): People
specific physical features (like short fingers,
actively seek environments that fit their
folds of skin over the eyes), and potential
genetic tendencies. For example,
heart defects.
musically inclined children may seek
• Trisomy 13: Extra chromosome 13 causes
out music lessons.
severe birth defects, and affected babies
• Genotype-Environment Interactions: This
typically die within weeks or months.
refers to how genetic predispositions interact
• Trisomy 18: Extra chromosome 18 leads to
with the environment. Studies like adoption
multiple birth defects, and the baby usually
research show that a child’s behavior can be
dies early.
influenced by both their genetic makeup and
2|Hikamac chi
• Humans have around 20,500 genes (as found
Coverage: in the Human Genome Project).
Chromosomes and Cells
• Heredity, Prenatal Development,
• Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell
and Birth
(arranged in 23 pairs; one from each parent).
• Heredity • Mitosis: The process by which most cells
• Genotypes and Phenotypes copy their chromosomes and divide into two
• Genetic Disorders identical cells.
• Chromosomal Abnormalities • Meiosis: The process for making gametes
• Behavioral Genetics (sperm and eggs), where chromosomes are
• Prenatal Development halved, so each gamete only has 23
• The Germinal Period chromosomes. When sperm and egg
• The Embryonic Period combine, the total is 46 chromosomes.
• The Fetal Period Chromosome Types
• Prenatal Brain Development • Of the 23 chromosome pairs, 22 pairs are
• Teratogens autosomes (similar in length).
• Maternal Factors • The last pair is the sex chromosomes:
• Prenatal Assessment o XY = male
o XX = female
• Complications of Pregnancy
Genetic Diversity
• Preparation for Childbirth
• Due to the process of meiosis and the variety
• Stages of Birth for Vaginal Delivery
of genes, it's nearly impossible to have
• Assessing the Neonate genetically identical non-twin offspring.
• Problems of the Newborn
• Postpartum Maternal Concerns Genotypes and Phenotypes
Genotype vs Phenotype
• Genotype: The genetic makeup, or the total
Heredity, Prenatal Development, and set of genes inherited from both parents.
Birth • Phenotype: The physical traits or features
expressed (what you actually see, like eye
Heredity and Genetics color or height).
• The chapter will explain how genes shape Homozygous and Heterozygous
who we are and influence our development. • Homozygous: When you inherit the same
• It will cover what happens genetically during version of a gene from both parents (e.g.,
conception. both parents give you the same eye color
Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders gene).
• You'll learn about some common genetic and • Heterozygous: When you inherit different
chromosomal disorders that can affect versions of a gene from each parent (e.g., one
development. parent gives you a gene for brown eyes, and
Prenatal Development the other gives you a gene for blue eyes).
• The process of development before birth will Dominant and Recessive Genes
be discussed. • Dominant genes: Express themselves in the
• Special focus on the effects of teratogens phenotype, even if paired with a different
(substances or factors that can harm the fetus version (e.g., dimples, curly hair).
during pregnancy). • Recessive genes: Only show in the
Parental Impact phenotype if both copies are the same (e.g.,
• Both the mother and father contribute to the red hair, nearsightedness).
development of the fetus, and their roles will Alleles
be explored. • Different versions of a gene (like the gene for
eye color can have multiple alleles: brown,
Heredity blue, green).
Nature and Genetics Polygenic Traits
• Heredity refers to how genetics influence • Most traits (e.g., height, skin color) are
development. controlled by multiple genes, not just one.
• Genes are the instructions (sequences of Incomplete Dominance
nucleotides) that create proteins, which • Sometimes, the dominant gene doesn’t
shape the structure and functions of cells. completely hide the effect of the recessive
gene (e.g., sickle cell disease).
1|Hikamac chi
, LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
• Sickle cell: The healthy red blood cell shape Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormalities
is dominant, and the sickle cell shape is • Turner Syndrome (XO): A female has only
recessive. People with one sickle cell gene one X chromosome instead of two. This
are carriers and might show some symptoms affects cognitive functioning, sexual
in certain conditions (e.g., at high altitudes or development (e.g., no breast development or
after intense exercise). menstruation), and leads to short stature.
• Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY): A male has an
Genetic Disorders extra X chromosome, leading to small testes,
breast development, infertility, and low
Dominant Gene Disorders
testosterone levels.
• Tourette's Syndrome: Causes mild tics;
Genetic Counseling
most people can control symptoms.
• Helps individuals and couples understand and
• Huntington's Disease: Affects the nervous
test for genetic conditions that could affect
system, fatal, but symptoms appear only in
their health or children.
midlife.
• Reasons for Seeking Counseling:
Recessive Gene Disorders
o Family history of genetic conditions.
• Cystic Fibrosis: Causes thick mucus in lungs
o Belonging to an ethnic group with
and digestive system, affects breathing and
higher genetic risk.
digestion.
o Results of genetic testing (e.g., blood
• Sickle Cell Anemia: Red blood cells are
tests, ultrasound, amniocentesis).
sickle-shaped, affecting oxygen transport in
o Concerns about older parental age,
the body.
previous miscarriages, or infertility.
• Phenylketonuria (PKU): The body can't
process certain amino acids, leading to
intellectual deficits if untreated.
Behavioral Genetics
• Tay Sachs Disease: Enzyme deficiency The study of how genetics and the environment
leading to progressive damage to the brain interact to influence behavior, often referred to as
and body; death occurs by age 5. the nature vs. nurture debate. Both genetics and
• Albinism: Lack of pigment in skin, hair, and environmental factors can shape a person's
eyes, with possible vision problems. behavior, and sometimes, environmental triggers
Sex-Linked Disorders (on the X chromosome) can bring out symptoms of a genetic disorder.
• Fragile X Syndrome: Causes learning and • Genotype-Environment Correlations:
behavior problems. More serious in males These refer to how genetic factors influence
(who have only one X chromosome). the environment and vice versa. There are
• Hemophilia: A blood clotting disorder, more three types of correlations:
common in males. o Passive Genotype-Environment
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Weakens Correlation: Children inherit both
muscles, leading to difficulty moving, and can genes and the environment from their
be fatal. family. For example, children with
athletic parents may inherit the genes
Chromosomal Abnormalities for athleticism and be encouraged to
engage in sports.
Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a child
o Evocative Genotype-Environment
inherits too many or too few chromosomes, often
Correlation: People's inherited traits
due to the mother's age. Older eggs are more
influence how others treat them. For
likely to have chromosomal issues.
instance, a shy child may receive
Common Chromosomal Abnormalities
different social responses than an
• Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21): Occurs when
outgoing child.
there is an extra chromosome 21. Affected
o Active Genotype-Environment
individuals often have intellectual disabilities,
Correlation (or niche picking): People
specific physical features (like short fingers,
actively seek environments that fit their
folds of skin over the eyes), and potential
genetic tendencies. For example,
heart defects.
musically inclined children may seek
• Trisomy 13: Extra chromosome 13 causes
out music lessons.
severe birth defects, and affected babies
• Genotype-Environment Interactions: This
typically die within weeks or months.
refers to how genetic predispositions interact
• Trisomy 18: Extra chromosome 18 leads to
with the environment. Studies like adoption
multiple birth defects, and the baby usually
research show that a child’s behavior can be
dies early.
influenced by both their genetic makeup and
2|Hikamac chi
