INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL & TEST BANK
THE PHYSICAL UNIVERSE
18TH EDITION
CHAPTER NO. 01: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED EXERCISE
EXERCISES:
2. The reliance of the scientific method on experiment and observation.
4. Because a model isolates the most important features of a complex phenomenon, it may permit
scientists to determine the fundamental origin of the phenomenon without being confused by
secondary details.
6. A year is the time the sun takes to complete a circuit across the sky relative to the stars.
8. If the moon is seen near a particular star on one evening, by the next evening it will be some distance
east of that star.
10. a. A year does not correspond to a whole number of days. In order that the seasons do not shift
around the calendar, an extra day must be added to every fourth year with further adjustments at
longer intervals.
b. A year does not correspond to a whole number of days. In order that the seasons do not shift
around the calendar, an extra day must be added to every fourth year with further adjustments at
longer intervals.
12. These observations suggest that the members of the solar system all lie in or near a plane not far
from the earth’s equator and that all move in the same direction about the sun or, in the case of the
moon, about the earth.
14. The Copernican model, because in it the distances from the earth, and hence the apparent
brightnesses of the other planets, vary with time.
16. Only elliptical orbits agree with observa-tional data.
18. a. No explanation is possible in the ptolemaic system, in which the stars are fixed at the same
distance from the earth in a crystal ball that revolves around a stationary earth.
, b. In the copernican system the explanation follows from the orbital motion of the earth relative to
stars at different distances away.
20. The earth would then be more flattened at the poles and bulge to a greater extent at the equator.
22. Yesterday, because the length of the day has been increasing steadily since the earth’s formation.
24. The moon.
26. (291 km)(0.621 mi/km) = 181 mi
28.
= 1 mm 10 =−3
m so d (10= 4
)(10−3 m) 10 m
and (10 m)(3.28 ft/m) = 32.8 ft
3
30. (20.0 m)(7.00 m)(2.00 m)(3.28 ft/m) =
9.88 × 103 ft 3
32. 2 m 35 s (155
= = s)/(3600 s/h ) 0.0431 h;
= 1 mi 1.61
= km, speed (1.61 km)/
(0.0431 h ) = 37.4 km/h
34. 42; 7.5 × 105 ; 3.0 × 105
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION & ANSWERS
1) What distinguishes the scientific method from other ways of looking at the natural world is
A) the eternal truth of its laws and theories.
B) its replacement of existing laws and theories at regular intervals.
C) its reliance on the opinions of expert scientists to decide which laws and theories to
believe.
D) its reliance on experiment and observation.
ANSWER: D
2) A regularity in observed data or a relationship between different quantities is usually called a
A) hypothesis.
B) law.
C) theory.
D) model.
ANSWER: B
,3) When first proposed, a scientific idea is usually called a
A) hypothesis.
B) law.
C) theory.
D) model.
ANSWER: A
4) Scientific theories
A) must be constantly reviewed to see whether they are in accord with new experimental
observations.
B) represent guesses that have not yet been compared with observational data.
C) are summaries of particular experiments.
D) are laws of nature not subject to revision.
ANSWER: A
5) Living things
A) were created as they are today several thousand years ago.
B) were created as they are today several billion years ago.
C) were created several thousand years ago and have evolved since then.
D) have evolved throughout the earth's history.
ANSWER: D
6) The object in the sky that lies very nearly on an extension of the earth's axis is
A) the sun.
B) the moon.
C) Mercury.
D) Polaris.
ANSWER: D
7) The stars in a constellation
A) are about the same age.
B) are about the same distance from the earth.
C) form a pattern in the sky as seen from the earth.
D) are members of the solar system.
ANSWER: C
, 8) The time at which a given star rises above the horizon each night is
A) earlier than the night before.
B) the same as the night before.
C) later than the night before.
D) Any of the choices, depending on which star is involved.
ANSWER: A
9) Relative to the stars, the moon seems to move
A) northward.
B) southward.
C) eastward.
D) westward.
ANSWER: C
10) A year is the time needed for
A) the sun to migrate completely around the sky.
B) the moon to migrate completely around the sky.
C) the earth to turn completely on its axis.
D) None of the choices are correct.
ANSWER: A
11) A week is the time needed for
A) the sun to drift completely around the sky.
B) the moon to drift completely around the sky.
C) the earth to turn completely on its axis.
D) None of the choices are correct.
ANSWER: D
12) A day is the time needed for
A) the sun to drift completely around the sky.
B) the moon to drift completely around the sky.
C) the earth to turn completely on its axis.
D) None of the choices are correct.
ANSWER: C
THE PHYSICAL UNIVERSE
18TH EDITION
CHAPTER NO. 01: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED EXERCISE
EXERCISES:
2. The reliance of the scientific method on experiment and observation.
4. Because a model isolates the most important features of a complex phenomenon, it may permit
scientists to determine the fundamental origin of the phenomenon without being confused by
secondary details.
6. A year is the time the sun takes to complete a circuit across the sky relative to the stars.
8. If the moon is seen near a particular star on one evening, by the next evening it will be some distance
east of that star.
10. a. A year does not correspond to a whole number of days. In order that the seasons do not shift
around the calendar, an extra day must be added to every fourth year with further adjustments at
longer intervals.
b. A year does not correspond to a whole number of days. In order that the seasons do not shift
around the calendar, an extra day must be added to every fourth year with further adjustments at
longer intervals.
12. These observations suggest that the members of the solar system all lie in or near a plane not far
from the earth’s equator and that all move in the same direction about the sun or, in the case of the
moon, about the earth.
14. The Copernican model, because in it the distances from the earth, and hence the apparent
brightnesses of the other planets, vary with time.
16. Only elliptical orbits agree with observa-tional data.
18. a. No explanation is possible in the ptolemaic system, in which the stars are fixed at the same
distance from the earth in a crystal ball that revolves around a stationary earth.
, b. In the copernican system the explanation follows from the orbital motion of the earth relative to
stars at different distances away.
20. The earth would then be more flattened at the poles and bulge to a greater extent at the equator.
22. Yesterday, because the length of the day has been increasing steadily since the earth’s formation.
24. The moon.
26. (291 km)(0.621 mi/km) = 181 mi
28.
= 1 mm 10 =−3
m so d (10= 4
)(10−3 m) 10 m
and (10 m)(3.28 ft/m) = 32.8 ft
3
30. (20.0 m)(7.00 m)(2.00 m)(3.28 ft/m) =
9.88 × 103 ft 3
32. 2 m 35 s (155
= = s)/(3600 s/h ) 0.0431 h;
= 1 mi 1.61
= km, speed (1.61 km)/
(0.0431 h ) = 37.4 km/h
34. 42; 7.5 × 105 ; 3.0 × 105
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION & ANSWERS
1) What distinguishes the scientific method from other ways of looking at the natural world is
A) the eternal truth of its laws and theories.
B) its replacement of existing laws and theories at regular intervals.
C) its reliance on the opinions of expert scientists to decide which laws and theories to
believe.
D) its reliance on experiment and observation.
ANSWER: D
2) A regularity in observed data or a relationship between different quantities is usually called a
A) hypothesis.
B) law.
C) theory.
D) model.
ANSWER: B
,3) When first proposed, a scientific idea is usually called a
A) hypothesis.
B) law.
C) theory.
D) model.
ANSWER: A
4) Scientific theories
A) must be constantly reviewed to see whether they are in accord with new experimental
observations.
B) represent guesses that have not yet been compared with observational data.
C) are summaries of particular experiments.
D) are laws of nature not subject to revision.
ANSWER: A
5) Living things
A) were created as they are today several thousand years ago.
B) were created as they are today several billion years ago.
C) were created several thousand years ago and have evolved since then.
D) have evolved throughout the earth's history.
ANSWER: D
6) The object in the sky that lies very nearly on an extension of the earth's axis is
A) the sun.
B) the moon.
C) Mercury.
D) Polaris.
ANSWER: D
7) The stars in a constellation
A) are about the same age.
B) are about the same distance from the earth.
C) form a pattern in the sky as seen from the earth.
D) are members of the solar system.
ANSWER: C
, 8) The time at which a given star rises above the horizon each night is
A) earlier than the night before.
B) the same as the night before.
C) later than the night before.
D) Any of the choices, depending on which star is involved.
ANSWER: A
9) Relative to the stars, the moon seems to move
A) northward.
B) southward.
C) eastward.
D) westward.
ANSWER: C
10) A year is the time needed for
A) the sun to migrate completely around the sky.
B) the moon to migrate completely around the sky.
C) the earth to turn completely on its axis.
D) None of the choices are correct.
ANSWER: A
11) A week is the time needed for
A) the sun to drift completely around the sky.
B) the moon to drift completely around the sky.
C) the earth to turn completely on its axis.
D) None of the choices are correct.
ANSWER: D
12) A day is the time needed for
A) the sun to drift completely around the sky.
B) the moon to drift completely around the sky.
C) the earth to turn completely on its axis.
D) None of the choices are correct.
ANSWER: C
