NURS 2115 ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 2024/2025 QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A++
case series - ANSWER studies are accounts of selected variables within a
specific population. Through this data collection, the researcher determines
the morbidity and mortality rates, and through analysis of the various
factors, looks for evidence of association and causality.
cross sectional studies - ANSWER snapshot of the present and can also be
called prevalence studies. Cross sectional
case control studies - ANSWER individuals in the group with the disease
are matched with individuals in the group with the disease are matched
with individuals who are similar in some characteristics but who have
cohort studies - ANSWER researchers examine the individual histories of a
group of people manifesting a certain disease to find out what factors they
share and what differences can be discerned.
- Retrospective: studies that begin in the present and search the past for
information to explain the present
- Prospective studies: longitudinal - begin in the present and follow the
subjects into the future or make predictions about the future that can be
tested at a later date.
RCT - ANSWER individuals are assigned randomly either to a group that
receives new treatment or to a group that does not receive the new
treatment. The latter is the control group.
Vulnerable populations - ANSWER ▪ less access to the resources needed
to handle inevitable risks to health that all people experience.
▪ "increased susceptibility to adverse health outcomes as a result of
inequitable access to the resources needed to handle risks to health."
List the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders - ANSWER · Substance
often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period of time.
A persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use
A great deal of time spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance,
use it or recover from its effects
,Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use
Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work,
school, or home
Continued use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal
problems caused or exacerbated by use
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced
because of use
Recurrent use in situations that are physically hazardous
Use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent
physical or psychological problem likely to have been caused or
exacerbated by use
Tolerance: need for markedly increased amounts of substance to achieve
intoxication or desired effect, or a markedly diminished effect with
continued use of same amount
Withdrawal: characteristic syndrome, or use to relieve or avoid withdrawal
Substance use: - ANSWER generically recognizes that all humans
consume all kinds of substances - legal and illegal, natural and
pharmaceutical, prescribed and purchased. We want to avoid binary
language that implies that substances are good or bad and that use is good
or bad, but rather understand the complexity of substance use as
interconnected with societal understandings and attitudes, which are fluid
over time.
Problematic substance use: - ANSWER use that leads to adverse physical,
psychological, legal, social, or interpersonal consequences, which may or
may not involve dependence.
4 pillar approach to substance use - ANSWER Harm reduction
Prevention
Treatment
Reinforcement -> recognition that enforcement alone does not solve
problematic use, and more upstream support and prevention will decrease
both use and the need for enforcement
What are the 4 key dimensions that provide a framework for understanding
essential elements of equity-oriented primary health care services when
working with populations that have been marginalized by social and
structural inequity? - ANSWER Inequity responsive care: explicitly
,addressing the social determinants of health as legitimate and routine
aspects of health care -> main priority
Trauma and violence informed care: recognizing that most people affected
by systemic inequities and structural violence have experienced, and often
continue to experience, varying forms of violence with traumatic impact.
Care includes respectul empowerment practices informed by
understanding the pervasiveness and effects of trauma and violence, rather
than trauma treatment.
Contextually tailored care: expanding the concept of patient-centered care
to include services that are explicitly tailored to populations served and
local contexts.
Culturally safe care: taking into account the cultural meaning of health and
illness and people's experiences of racism, discrimination, and
marginalization, and the ways those experiences shape health, life
opportunities, access to health care, and quality of life.
Harm reduction - ANSWER refers to policies and programs and practices
that aim to reduce philosophy and approach to healthcare delivery,
programs, or policies, implemented with a goal to protect the health of, and
reduce the secondary harm for, individuals who engage in high-risk
activities that are associated with poor health outcomes"
"refers to policies, programs and practices that aim to reduce the negative
health, social and economic consequences
that may ensue from the use of legal and illegal psychoactive drugs,
without necessarily reducing drug use.
Its cornerstones are public health, human rights and social justice. It
benefits people who use drugs, families and communities."
GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF HARM REDUCTION - ANSWER Reducing or
minimizing harm associated with high-risk behaviors, such as problematic
substance use, injection drug use, and unsafe sexual practices
Involves openness, a non-judgmental attitude, and "meeting people where
they are at"
Pragmatism Harm reduction accepts that some use of mind-altering
substances is inevitable, and that some level of drug use in society is
normal, though this assessment varies considerably by country and cultural
values. It also recognizes the considerable research evidence that
experimental and controlled use is the norm for most of those who try any
, substance with abuse potential. Harm reduction seeks to reduce the more
immediate and tangible harms of substance use rather than embrace a
vague, abstract goal related to some future ideal like a drug free society.
Just as the ongoing debate on cannabis control policy is at odds with the
evidence that cannabis use has become endemic and unlikely to decline
significantly, so harm reduction emphasizes reducing the harms of
criminalization and living with a certain level of use in society.
Focus on HarmsThe focus of harm reduction policy and programs is the
reduction of harmful consequences without necessarily requiring any
reduction in use, since a change in mode of administration or pattern of use
may also reduce harm. Although a lower prevalence of drug use is not the
goal of harm reduction, it may be an outcome that helps reduce harms.
These harms may be related to health, social, or economic factors that
affect the individual, community and society as a whole. The building of
community social capital may also help to reduce the vulnerability of certain
populations to the most destructive forms of substance use.
Prioritization of goalsHarm reduction strategies prioritize each individual's
goals with an emphasis on an immediate and realizable
Incidence - ANSWER number of new cases of given disease in a
population during a specified time period/average total population within the
same specified time period
Prevalence - ANSWER number of people with given disease in given
population at one point in time/total in given population at same point in
time
Social marketing based on 4 P's - ANSWER product, price, place,
promotion5. public participation
Culture-ANSWER Social construct learned through socialization, shared,
implicit, fluid, and intersects with other social constructs
National/Societal culture-ANSWER Culture shared by a nation or society
Organizational culture-ANSWER Culture within a specific organization
AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A++
case series - ANSWER studies are accounts of selected variables within a
specific population. Through this data collection, the researcher determines
the morbidity and mortality rates, and through analysis of the various
factors, looks for evidence of association and causality.
cross sectional studies - ANSWER snapshot of the present and can also be
called prevalence studies. Cross sectional
case control studies - ANSWER individuals in the group with the disease
are matched with individuals in the group with the disease are matched
with individuals who are similar in some characteristics but who have
cohort studies - ANSWER researchers examine the individual histories of a
group of people manifesting a certain disease to find out what factors they
share and what differences can be discerned.
- Retrospective: studies that begin in the present and search the past for
information to explain the present
- Prospective studies: longitudinal - begin in the present and follow the
subjects into the future or make predictions about the future that can be
tested at a later date.
RCT - ANSWER individuals are assigned randomly either to a group that
receives new treatment or to a group that does not receive the new
treatment. The latter is the control group.
Vulnerable populations - ANSWER ▪ less access to the resources needed
to handle inevitable risks to health that all people experience.
▪ "increased susceptibility to adverse health outcomes as a result of
inequitable access to the resources needed to handle risks to health."
List the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders - ANSWER · Substance
often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period of time.
A persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use
A great deal of time spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance,
use it or recover from its effects
,Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use
Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work,
school, or home
Continued use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal
problems caused or exacerbated by use
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced
because of use
Recurrent use in situations that are physically hazardous
Use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent
physical or psychological problem likely to have been caused or
exacerbated by use
Tolerance: need for markedly increased amounts of substance to achieve
intoxication or desired effect, or a markedly diminished effect with
continued use of same amount
Withdrawal: characteristic syndrome, or use to relieve or avoid withdrawal
Substance use: - ANSWER generically recognizes that all humans
consume all kinds of substances - legal and illegal, natural and
pharmaceutical, prescribed and purchased. We want to avoid binary
language that implies that substances are good or bad and that use is good
or bad, but rather understand the complexity of substance use as
interconnected with societal understandings and attitudes, which are fluid
over time.
Problematic substance use: - ANSWER use that leads to adverse physical,
psychological, legal, social, or interpersonal consequences, which may or
may not involve dependence.
4 pillar approach to substance use - ANSWER Harm reduction
Prevention
Treatment
Reinforcement -> recognition that enforcement alone does not solve
problematic use, and more upstream support and prevention will decrease
both use and the need for enforcement
What are the 4 key dimensions that provide a framework for understanding
essential elements of equity-oriented primary health care services when
working with populations that have been marginalized by social and
structural inequity? - ANSWER Inequity responsive care: explicitly
,addressing the social determinants of health as legitimate and routine
aspects of health care -> main priority
Trauma and violence informed care: recognizing that most people affected
by systemic inequities and structural violence have experienced, and often
continue to experience, varying forms of violence with traumatic impact.
Care includes respectul empowerment practices informed by
understanding the pervasiveness and effects of trauma and violence, rather
than trauma treatment.
Contextually tailored care: expanding the concept of patient-centered care
to include services that are explicitly tailored to populations served and
local contexts.
Culturally safe care: taking into account the cultural meaning of health and
illness and people's experiences of racism, discrimination, and
marginalization, and the ways those experiences shape health, life
opportunities, access to health care, and quality of life.
Harm reduction - ANSWER refers to policies and programs and practices
that aim to reduce philosophy and approach to healthcare delivery,
programs, or policies, implemented with a goal to protect the health of, and
reduce the secondary harm for, individuals who engage in high-risk
activities that are associated with poor health outcomes"
"refers to policies, programs and practices that aim to reduce the negative
health, social and economic consequences
that may ensue from the use of legal and illegal psychoactive drugs,
without necessarily reducing drug use.
Its cornerstones are public health, human rights and social justice. It
benefits people who use drugs, families and communities."
GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF HARM REDUCTION - ANSWER Reducing or
minimizing harm associated with high-risk behaviors, such as problematic
substance use, injection drug use, and unsafe sexual practices
Involves openness, a non-judgmental attitude, and "meeting people where
they are at"
Pragmatism Harm reduction accepts that some use of mind-altering
substances is inevitable, and that some level of drug use in society is
normal, though this assessment varies considerably by country and cultural
values. It also recognizes the considerable research evidence that
experimental and controlled use is the norm for most of those who try any
, substance with abuse potential. Harm reduction seeks to reduce the more
immediate and tangible harms of substance use rather than embrace a
vague, abstract goal related to some future ideal like a drug free society.
Just as the ongoing debate on cannabis control policy is at odds with the
evidence that cannabis use has become endemic and unlikely to decline
significantly, so harm reduction emphasizes reducing the harms of
criminalization and living with a certain level of use in society.
Focus on HarmsThe focus of harm reduction policy and programs is the
reduction of harmful consequences without necessarily requiring any
reduction in use, since a change in mode of administration or pattern of use
may also reduce harm. Although a lower prevalence of drug use is not the
goal of harm reduction, it may be an outcome that helps reduce harms.
These harms may be related to health, social, or economic factors that
affect the individual, community and society as a whole. The building of
community social capital may also help to reduce the vulnerability of certain
populations to the most destructive forms of substance use.
Prioritization of goalsHarm reduction strategies prioritize each individual's
goals with an emphasis on an immediate and realizable
Incidence - ANSWER number of new cases of given disease in a
population during a specified time period/average total population within the
same specified time period
Prevalence - ANSWER number of people with given disease in given
population at one point in time/total in given population at same point in
time
Social marketing based on 4 P's - ANSWER product, price, place,
promotion5. public participation
Culture-ANSWER Social construct learned through socialization, shared,
implicit, fluid, and intersects with other social constructs
National/Societal culture-ANSWER Culture shared by a nation or society
Organizational culture-ANSWER Culture within a specific organization
