ANT 2410 Exam 4 | Questions with Verified Answers

ANT 2410 Exam 4 | Questions with Verified Answers In Japan, the burakumin are stigmatized despite being genetically indistinguishable from other Japanese What of the follow is NOT true about ethnicity? It is never about history but, instead, about biological fact If anthropology and other sciences have debunked the idea of "race" as it is popularly known, why does racism still exist? because racism, as systematic acts and attitudes of inclusion, exclusion, and discrimination, is based on the assumption of the reality of "race" The film "Mirrors of the Heart," which is set in the Dominican Republic, illustrates that this concept is distinct from, but intimately related to, nationalism: Ethnicity The presence of ethnic neighborhoods indicates what kind of coexistence? Multiculturalism What term does anthropologist Fredrik Barth use to refer to a society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of those groups? plural society What term formerly referred to a culture that shared a single language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship? Nation What term refers to the destruction of the culture of an ethnic group? Ethnocide One way the film "Mirrors of the Heart" shows us that ethnicity is a cultural construct rather than a natural entity is because of the following: A. people who look like Carlos the taxi driver would be considered black in the USA B. the idea of "race mixture" to "improve" the "race" is not necessarily subscribed to elsewhere (e.g., the USA with its ideology of hypodescent) C. all answers are correct D. the category mulato, which is so important in the Dominican Republic and elsewhere, is not found everywhere (e.g., it is not found in the USA) East Asians who have emigrated recently from India and Pakistan to northern areas of the United Kingdom have a higher incidence of rickets and osteoporosis than the general British population. This phenomenon illustrates that natural selection continues today. What is the term for ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status? nationalities Which of the following is a reason why dark skin color is adaptive? preventing the destruction of folate Depending on the situation, the same man might declare "I'm Jimmy's father"; "I'm your boss"; "I'm African American"; or "I'm your professor." This phenomenon, whereby a person's claimed or perceived identity varies depending on context, is called a situational negotiation of social identity. Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and U.S. racial taxonomies? In the United States, social "race" is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil "race" is flexible and more of an achieved status. What is true about human phenotypical features such as skin color? A. They are the products of the forces of natural selection - which is the process by which nature selects the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment B. Variation in skin color is determined by the amount of melanin in the skin cells C. All answers are correct D. There are no sharp breaks based on physical traits between "races" - instead there is a continuum between populations around the world In theory, a biological race is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species. Humanity (Homo sapiens) lacks such races because human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups. Which of the following is NOT true about the phenomenon known as "race?": Human variation is explained by a process called cultural selection Nation-states are A. defined by their lack of ethnic identity. B. parts of other states. C. the same as tribes and ethnic groups. D. ethnically homogeneous. E. otherwise known as countries. A policy of ethnic expulsion aims at removing from a country groups who are culturally different. There are many examples, including Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 1990s; Uganda expelling 74,000 Asians in 1972; and so on. The neofascist parties of contemporary western Europe advocate the repatriation of immigrant workers. What is one of the potential consequences of such policies? the creation of refugees—people who have been forced or have chosen to flee a country to escape persecution or war As the film "Mirrors of the Heart" shows, the case of the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo, who orchestrated the genocide of perhaps 20,000 Haitians and Haitian-Dominicans in 1937, demonstrates that racism is based in culture, politics, and economics - Trujillo was actually defined as a mulato who had a Haitian grandmother Organizations in the United States such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Council of La Raza, a Hispanic advocacy group, have opposed adding a "multiracial" census category. This suggests that classification is a political issue—these groups fear that their political clout will decline if their numbers go down. According to Fredrik Barth's theories about ethnic identity, ethnic boundaries are most stable when ethnic groups occupy different ecological niches. Nationalism is an ideology characterized by: A. Nationalist ideology depends on discourses of the past - and these most often turn out to be "Invented traditions" B. All answers are correct C. The nation is imagined to be a "collective individual" - bounded and apart, unique, and internally homogeneous in some crucial way- D. Nationalism relies on powerful religious-like rituals of state (e.g., pledges of allegiance, national anthems, Tombs of Unknown Soldiers) What is the term for the arbitrary rule that automatically places the children of a union between members of different socioeconomic groups into the less-privileged group? Hypodescent Which of the following statements about the concept of "race" in Brazil is NOT true? A. A person's "race" can change from day to day. B. Racial classification in Brazil is built around the concept of hypodescent. C. The large number of racial categories in Brazil does not easily lend itself to socioeconomic discrimination based on "race." D. The perception of biological "races" is influenced not just by their physical phenotype but by how they dress and behave. E. There are more than 500 different terms used to describe phenotypes In the early 20th century, the anthropologist Franz Boas described changes in skull form among the children of Europeans who had emigrated to North America. He found that the reason for these changes could not be explained by genetics. His findings underscore the fact that phenotypic similarities and differences don't necessarily have a genetic basis. Which of the following statements about ethnicity is true? Ethnicity is one's identification with a group that shares a common set of beliefs, values, customs, and norms. Ethnicity means identification with and feeling part of a cultural group and exclusion from other cultural groups. As we see in the film "Mirrors of the Heart," dominant ideologies of ethnicity, racism, and nationalism are resisted at various levels. How do we see Haitians and Dominicans of Haitian descent living in the Dominican Republic and in Haiti resisting exclusionary nationalism and racism? all answers are correct An anthropological understanding of ethnicity and "race" requires exploring how people and institutions define, negotiate, and even challenge their identities in society. One way that anthropologists—and social scientists in general—do this is by studying "status," which refers to any position, no matter what its prestige, that someone occupies in society. An examination of racial taxonomies from around the world indicates that the classification of racial types is an arbitrary and culturally specific process. Which of the following statements about human skin color is NOT true? The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's ability to process lactose. In which of the following categories should the concept of "race" be placed? Cultural Traditional racial classification assumed that biological characteristics such as skin color were determined by heredity and remain stable over many generations. We now know that a biological similarity such as skin color is also the result of natural selection working among different populations that face similar environmental challenges. What is communitas? a collective liminality Religion and magic don't just explain things and help people accomplish goals—they also enter the realm of human feelings. In other words, they serve emotional needs as well as cognitive (i.e., explanatory) ones Bronislaw Malinowski found that the Trobriand Islanders used magic when sailing, a hazardous activity. He proposed that because people can't control matters such as wind, weather, and the fish supply, they turn to magic Animism, polytheism, and monotheism are the stages, according to E.B. Tylor, through which religion evolved Which of the following statements about religion is NOT true? It is a cultural construction, therefore not a reality What kind of religion is based on the idea that each human has a double that is active during sleep? Animism Which of the following is true about rites of passage? Beliefs and rituals can, ironically, both diminish and create anxiety and a sense of insecurity and danger A "world-rejecting religion" is one that focuses on a higher realm of reality Which of the following groups see a sharp divide between themselves and other religions, as well as between a "sacred" view of life and the "secular" world? Group of answer choices Haredi Jews Studies of how beliefs and rituals function as part of a group's cultural adaptation to its environment are an illustration of how religion can play a prominent role in cultural ecology Which of the following kinds of religion involves full-time religious specialists? Olympian religion What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals? Magic Besides animism—and sometimes coexisting with it in the same society—there is a view of the supernatural as a domain of raw impersonal power, or force, that people can